概述
什么是网络接口:
网络接口就是一个网卡,应用层数据通过层层封装到达网卡,之后网卡负责将数据发送到网络之中。因为网卡直接与硬件对接,硬件不同驱动也不同,因此LwIP只提供了统一的接口,但底层的实现需要用户自己完成。
网络接口框图:
LwIP在网络层与数据链路层直接提供了统一的接口,ethernet_input是接收接口,ethernet_output是发送接口,这两个函数被存放在ethernet.c中。在接口函数中,会通过netif来选择指定的网卡,并用其绑定的发送函数将数据发送出去。
netif
1、netif结构体及成员含义
netif是什么:
LwIP支持多种不同的网卡,这些网卡在LwIP中抽象成一个个netif结构体,并以链表的形式进行连接。
对于netif的作用主要包括:初始化IP和硬件驱动、指定接收和发送的函数、描述网卡的状态。即:netif是一个虚拟网卡,它屏蔽了硬件接口的差异,完成了对不同网络接口的抽象。
结构体成员:
struct netif *next:netif链表指针
ip_addr_t ip_addr:网卡的IP地址
ip_addr_t netmask:网卡的子网掩码
ip_addr_t gw:网卡的网关地址
netif_input_fn input:指向数据包的输入函数
netif_output_fn output:指向数据包的待发送函数,主要用于检测MAC并发送ARP请求等
netif_linkoutput_fn linkoutput:指向数据包的输出函数
netif_status_callback_fn link_callback:链接状态回调函数,判断链接状态是否成功
void *state:描述虚拟网卡的状态
u16_t mtu:最大传输单元
u8_t hwaddr[NETIF_MAX_HWADDR_LEN]:网卡的MAC地址
u8_t hwaddr_len:网卡的MAC地址的长度
u8_t flags:虚拟网卡的标志位
char name[2]:网卡的名字
struct netif {
#if !LWIP_SINGLE_NETIF
/** pointer to next in linked list */
struct netif *next;
#endif
#if LWIP_IPV4
/** IP address configuration in network byte order */
ip_addr_t ip_addr;
ip_addr_t netmask;
ip_addr_t gw;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 */
#if LWIP_IPV6
/** Array of IPv6 addresses for this netif. */
ip_addr_t ip6_addr[LWIP_IPV6_NUM_ADDRESSES];
/** The state of each IPv6 address (Tentative, Preferred, etc).
* @see ip6_addr.h */
u8_t ip6_addr_state[LWIP_IPV6_NUM_ADDRESSES];
#if LWIP_IPV6_ADDRESS_LIFETIMES
/** Remaining valid and preferred lifetime of each IPv6 address, in seconds.
* For valid lifetimes, the special value of IP6_ADDR_LIFE_STATIC (0)
* indicates the address is static and has no lifetimes. */
u32_t ip6_addr_valid_life[LWIP_IPV6_NUM_ADDRESSES];
u32_t ip6_addr_pref_life[LWIP_IPV6_NUM_ADDRESSES];
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6_ADDRESS_LIFETIMES */
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 */
/** This function is called by the network device driver
* to pass a packet up the TCP/IP stack. */
netif_input_fn input;
#if LWIP_IPV4
/** This function is called by the IP module when it wants
* to send a packet on the interface. This function typically
* first resolves the hardware address, then sends the packet.
* For ethernet physical layer, this is usually etharp_output() */
netif_output_fn output;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 */
/** This function is called by ethernet_output() when it wants
* to send a packet on the interface. This function outputs
* the pbuf as-is on the link medium. */
netif_linkoutput_fn linkoutput;
#if LWIP_IPV6
/** This function is called by the IPv6 module when it wants
* to send a packet on the interface. This function typically
* first resolves the hardware address, then sends the packet.
* For ethernet physical layer, this is usually ethip6_output() */
netif_output_ip6_fn output_ip6;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 */
#if LWIP_NETIF_STATUS_CALLBACK
/** This function is called when the netif state is set to up or down
*/
netif_status_callback_fn status_callback;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_STATUS_CALLBACK */
#if LWIP_NETIF_LINK_CALLBACK
/** This function is called when the netif link is set to up or down
*/
netif_status_callback_fn link_callback;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_LINK_CALLBACK */
#if LWIP_NETIF_REMOVE_CALLBACK
/** This function is called when the netif has been removed */
netif_status_callback_fn remove_callback;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_REMOVE_CALLBACK */
/** This field can be set by the device driver and could point
* to state information for the device. */
void *state;
#ifdef netif_get_client_data
void* client_data[LWIP_NETIF_CLIENT_DATA_INDEX_MAX + LWIP_NUM_NETIF_CLIENT_DATA];
#endif
#if LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME
/* the hostname for this netif, NULL is a valid value */
const char* hostname;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME */
#if LWIP_CHECKSUM_CTRL_PER_NETIF
u16_t chksum_flags;
#endif /* LWIP_CHECKSUM_CTRL_PER_NETIF*/
/** maximum transfer unit (in bytes) */
u16_t mtu;
#if LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_ND6_ALLOW_RA_UPDATES
/** maximum transfer unit (in bytes), updated by RA */
u16_t mtu6;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_ND6_ALLOW_RA_UPDATES */
/** link level hardware address of this interface */
u8_t hwaddr[NETIF_MAX_HWADDR_LEN];
/** number of bytes used in hwaddr */
u8_t hwaddr_len;
/** flags (@see @ref netif_flags) */
u8_t flags;
/** descriptive abbreviation */
char name[2];
/** number of this interface. Used for @ref if_api and @ref netifapi_netif,
* as well as for IPv6 zones */
u8_t num;
#if LWIP_IPV6_AUTOCONFIG
/** is this netif enabled for IPv6 autoconfiguration */
u8_t ip6_autoconfig_enabled;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6_AUTOCONFIG */
#if LWIP_IPV6_SEND_ROUTER_SOLICIT
/** Number of Router Solicitation messages that remain to be sent. */
u8_t rs_count;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6_SEND_ROUTER_SOLICIT */
#if MIB2_STATS
/** link type (from "snmp_ifType" enum from snmp_mib2.h) */
u8_t link_type;
/** (estimate) link speed */
u32_t link_speed;
/** timestamp at last change made (up/down) */
u32_t ts;
/** counters */
struct stats_mib2_netif_ctrs mib2_counters;
#endif /* MIB2_STATS */
#if LWIP_IPV4 && LWIP_IGMP
/** This function could be called to add or delete an entry in the multicast
filter table of the ethernet MAC.*/
netif_igmp_mac_filter_fn igmp_mac_filter;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 && LWIP_IGMP */
#if LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_IPV6_MLD
/** This function could be called to add or delete an entry in the IPv6 multicast
filter table of the ethernet MAC. */
netif_mld_mac_filter_fn mld_mac_filter;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_IPV6_MLD */
#if LWIP_NETIF_USE_HINTS
struct netif_hint *hints;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_USE_HINTS */
#if ENABLE_LOOPBACK
/* List of packets to be queued for ourselves. */
struct pbuf *loop_first;
struct pbuf *loop_last;
#if LWIP_LOOPBACK_MAX_PBUFS
u16_t loop_cnt_current;
#endif /* LWIP_LOOPBACK_MAX_PBUFS */
#if LWIP_NETIF_LOOPBACK_MULTITHREADING
/* Used if the original scheduling failed. */
u8_t reschedule_poll;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_LOOPBACK_MULTITHREADING */
#endif /* ENABLE_LOOPBACK */
};
2、netif相关全局变量
2.1 struct netif* netif_list:
指向netif链表的表头
2.2 struct netif* netif_default:
指向缺省网卡netif,在发送数据时先调用该netif,若没有回应,则选择其他网卡。
3、相关函数
3.1 netif_add
函数功能:
在netif链表中添加一个新的netif
函数结构:
首先,设置netif结构体中的IP地址、子网掩码、网关、最大传输单元MTU、状态、虚拟网卡序号、数据接收函数。
之后,更正虚拟网卡序号在链表中的唯一性、判断链表成员是否大于255、该网卡是否已经存在。
之后,以头插法方式将该netif加入链表。
函数实现:
/*
* param netif:指向虚拟网卡netif的指针
* param ipaddr:IP地址
* param netmask:子网掩码
* param gw:网关
* param state:虚拟网卡的状态
* param init:初始化
* param input:数据包的输入函数
*/
struct netif *
netif_add(struct netif *netif,
#if LWIP_IPV4
const ip4_addr_t *ipaddr, const ip4_addr_t *netmask, const ip4_addr_t *gw,
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 */
void *state, netif_init_fn init, netif_input_fn input)
{
#if LWIP_IPV6
s8_t i;
#endif
LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
#if LWIP_SINGLE_NETIF
if (netif_default != NULL) {
LWIP_ASSERT("single netif already set", 0);
return NULL;
}
#endif
LWIP_ERROR("netif_add: invalid netif", netif != NULL, return NULL);
LWIP_ERROR("netif_add: No init function given", init != NULL, return NULL);
#if LWIP_IPV4
//判断IP地址、网关、子网掩码是否为空,如果为空则选择系统默认值
if (ipaddr == NULL) {
ipaddr = ip_2_ip4(IP4_ADDR_ANY);//系统默认值
}
if (netmask == NULL) {
netmask = ip_2_ip4(IP4_ADDR_ANY);
}
if (gw == NULL) {
gw = ip_2_ip4(IP4_ADDR_ANY);
}
//清零结构体中的IP地址、网关、子网掩码
ip_addr_set_zero_ip4(&netif->ip_addr);
ip_addr_set_zero_ip4(&netif->netmask);
ip_addr_set_zero_ip4(&netif->gw);
netif->output = netif_null_output_ip4;//由用户定义的数据包的待发送函数
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 */
#if LWIP_IPV6
for (i = 0; i < LWIP_IPV6_NUM_ADDRESSES; i++) {
ip_addr_set_zero_ip6(&netif->ip6_addr[i]);
netif->ip6_addr_state[i] = IP6_ADDR_INVALID;
#if LWIP_IPV6_ADDRESS_LIFETIMES
netif->ip6_addr_valid_life[i] = IP6_ADDR_LIFE_STATIC;
netif->ip6_addr_pref_life[i] = IP6_ADDR_LIFE_STATIC;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6_ADDRESS_LIFETIMES */
}
netif->output_ip6 = netif_null_output_ip6;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 */
NETIF_SET_CHECKSUM_CTRL(netif, NETIF_CHECKSUM_ENABLE_ALL);
netif->mtu = 0; //虚拟网卡的最大传输单元
netif->flags = 0; //标志位,一般用不到
#ifdef netif_get_client_data
memset(netif->client_data, 0, sizeof(netif->client_data));
#endif /* LWIP_NUM_NETIF_CLIENT_DATA */
#if LWIP_IPV6
#if LWIP_IPV6_AUTOCONFIG
/* IPv6 address autoconfiguration not enabled by default */
netif->ip6_autoconfig_enabled = 0;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6_AUTOCONFIG */
nd6_restart_netif(netif);
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 */
#if LWIP_NETIF_STATUS_CALLBACK
netif->status_callback = NULL;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_STATUS_CALLBACK */
#if LWIP_NETIF_LINK_CALLBACK
netif->link_callback = NULL;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_LINK_CALLBACK */
#if LWIP_IGMP
netif->igmp_mac_filter = NULL;
#endif /* LWIP_IGMP */
#if LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_IPV6_MLD
netif->mld_mac_filter = NULL;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_IPV6_MLD */
/* remember netif specific state information data */
netif->state = state; //状态
netif->num = netif_num; //虚拟网卡序号
netif->input = input; //数据接收函数
NETIF_RESET_HINTS(netif);
#if ENABLE_LOOPBACK
netif->loop_first = NULL;
netif->loop_last = NULL;
#if LWIP_LOOPBACK_MAX_PBUFS
netif->loop_cnt_current = 0;
#endif /* LWIP_LOOPBACK_MAX_PBUFS */
#if LWIP_NETIF_LOOPBACK_MULTITHREADING
netif->reschedule_poll = 0;
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_LOOPBACK_MULTITHREADING */
#endif /* ENABLE_LOOPBACK */
#if LWIP_IPV4
netif_set_addr(netif, ipaddr, netmask, gw); //设置IP、子网掩码、网关
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 */
/* call user specified initialization function for netif */
if (init(netif) != ERR_OK) {
return NULL;
}
#if LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_ND6_ALLOW_RA_UPDATES
/* Initialize the MTU for IPv6 to the one set by the netif driver.
This can be updated later by RA. */
netif->mtu6 = netif->mtu;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 && LWIP_ND6_ALLOW_RA_UPDATES */
#if !LWIP_SINGLE_NETIF
/* Assign a unique netif number in the range [0..254], so that (num+1) can
serve as an interface index that fits in a u8_t.
We assume that the new netif has not yet been added to the list here.
This algorithm is O(n^2), but that should be OK for lwIP.
*/
{
struct netif *netif2;
int num_netifs;
//循环多次,直到遍历完成整个链表
//判断netif网卡数量是否小于255、是否有重复的netif->num
//最终获得一个链表中不存在的num给netif
do {
if (netif->num == 255) {
netif->num = 0;
}
num_netifs = 0;
for (netif2 = netif_list; netif2 != NULL; netif2 = netif2->next) {
//netif已经在链表中
LWIP_ASSERT("netif already added", netif2 != netif);
num_netifs++;
//netif链表的成员大于255
LWIP_ASSERT("too many netifs, max. supported number is 255", num_netifs <= 255);
//该netif的num号已经被占用了,+1尝试寻找未被占用的num号
if (netif2->num == netif->num) {
netif->num++;
break;
}
}
} while (netif2 != NULL);
}
if (netif->num == 254) {
netif_num = 0;
} else {
netif_num = (u8_t)(netif->num + 1);
}
/* add this netif to the list */
netif->next = netif_list; //头插netif到链表中
netif_list = netif;
#endif /* "LWIP_SINGLE_NETIF */
mib2_netif_added(netif);
#if LWIP_IGMP
/* start IGMP processing */
if (netif->flags & NETIF_FLAG_IGMP) {
igmp_start(netif);
}
#endif /* LWIP_IGMP */
LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, ("netif: added interface %c%c IP",
netif->name[0], netif->name[1]));
#if LWIP_IPV4
LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, (" addr "));
ip4_addr_debug_print(NETIF_DEBUG, ipaddr);
LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, (" netmask "));
ip4_addr_debug_print(NETIF_DEBUG, netmask);
LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, (" gw "));
ip4_addr_debug_print(NETIF_DEBUG, gw);
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 */
LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, ("\n"));
netif_invoke_ext_callback(netif, LWIP_NSC_NETIF_ADDED, NULL);
return netif;
}
3.2 netif_remove
函数功能:
在netif链表中移除指定的netif节点。
函数结构:
首先判断当前的netif是否为打开状态、是否为默认网卡,如果是,则进行相应的操作。
之后将netif节点从链表中移除
函数实现:
void
netif_remove(struct netif *netif)
{
#if LWIP_IPV6
int i;
#endif
LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
if (netif == NULL) {
return;
}
netif_invoke_ext_callback(netif, LWIP_NSC_NETIF_REMOVED, NULL);
#if LWIP_IPV4
if (!ip4_addr_isany_val(*netif_ip4_addr(netif))) {
netif_do_ip_addr_changed(netif_ip_addr4(netif), NULL);
}
#if LWIP_IGMP
/* stop IGMP processing */
if (netif->flags & NETIF_FLAG_IGMP) {
igmp_stop(netif);
}
#endif /* LWIP_IGMP */
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4*/
#if LWIP_IPV6
for (i = 0; i < LWIP_IPV6_NUM_ADDRESSES; i++) {
if (ip6_addr_isvalid(netif_ip6_addr_state(netif, i))) {
netif_do_ip_addr_changed(netif_ip_addr6(netif, i), NULL);
}
}
#if LWIP_IPV6_MLD
/* stop MLD processing */
mld6_stop(netif);
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6_MLD */
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 */
//1.对netif进行判断,包括是否开启、是否为默认网卡
if (netif_is_up(netif)) { //判断移除的网卡是否是开启的
/* set netif down before removing (call callback function) */
netif_set_down(netif); //关闭该网卡
}
mib2_remove_ip4(netif);
/* this netif is default? */
if (netif_default == netif) { //判断是否为默认网卡
/* reset default netif */
netif_set_default(NULL); //将默认网卡设置为空
}
#if !LWIP_SINGLE_NETIF
//2.将netif从链表中移除
/* is it the first netif? */
if (netif_list == netif) { //netif为链表头时
netif_list = netif->next;
} else { //netif为链表中间的节点时
/* look for netif further down the list */
struct netif *tmp_netif;
NETIF_FOREACH(tmp_netif) {
if (tmp_netif->next == netif) {
tmp_netif->next = netif->next;
break;
}
}
if (tmp_netif == NULL) {
return; /* netif is not on the list */
}
}
#endif /* !LWIP_SINGLE_NETIF */
mib2_netif_removed(netif);
#if LWIP_NETIF_REMOVE_CALLBACK
if (netif->remove_callback) {
netif->remove_callback(netif);
}
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_REMOVE_CALLBACK */
LWIP_DEBUGF( NETIF_DEBUG, ("netif_remove: removed netif\n") );
}
3.3 netif_set_default
函数功能:
设置默认网卡为指定的netif节点
函数实现:
void
netif_set_default(struct netif *netif)
{
LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
if (netif == NULL) {
/* remove default route */
mib2_remove_route_ip4(1, netif);
} else {
/* install default route */
mib2_add_route_ip4(1, netif);
}
netif_default = netif; //将netif_default指针指向传入的netif节点
LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, ("netif: setting default interface %c%c\n",
netif ? netif->name[0] : '\'', netif ? netif->name[1] : '\''));
}