一 configmap
1.1 configmap的功能
configMap用于保存配置数据,以键值对形式存储。
configMap 资源提供了向 Pod 注入配置数据的方法。
镜像和配置文件解耦,以便实现镜像的可移植性和可复用性。
etcd限制了文件大小不能超过1M
1.2 configmap的使用场景
填充环境变量的值
设置容器内的命令行参数
填充卷的配置文件
1.3 configmap创建方式
1.3.1 字面值创建
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create cm lee-config --from-literal fname=timing --from-literal lname=lee
configmap/lee-config created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe cm lee-config
Name: lee-config
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data #键值信息显示
====
fname:
----
timing
lname:
----
lee
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
1.3.2 通过文件创建
[root@k8s-master ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 114.114.114.114
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create cm lee2-config --from-file /etc/resolv.conf
configmap/lee2-config created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe cm lee2-config
Name: lee2-config
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
resolv.conf:
----
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 114.114.114.114
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
1.3.3 通过目录创建
[root@k8s-master ~]# mkdir leeconfig
[root@k8s-master ~]# cp /etc/fstab /etc/rc.d/rc.local leeconfig/
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create cm lee3-config --from-file leeconfig/
configmap/lee3-config created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe cm lee3-config
Name: lee3-config
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
fstab:
----
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Jul 26 13:04:22 2024
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
UUID=6577c44f-9c1c-44f9-af56-6d6b505fcfa8 / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=eec689b4-73d5-4f47-b999-9a585bb6da1d /boot xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=ED00-0E42 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 2
#UUID=be2f2006-6072-4c77-83d4-f2ff5e237f9f none swap defaults 0 0
rc.local:
----
#!/bin/bash
# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES
#
# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules
# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.
#
# In contrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot
# this script will NOT be run after all other services.
#
# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure
# that this script will be executed during boot.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
mount /dev/cdrom /rhel9
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
1.3.4 通过yaml文件创建
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create cm lee4-config --from-literal db_host=172.25.254.100 --from-literal db_port=3306 --dry-run=client -o yaml > lee-config.yaml
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim lee-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: lee4-config
data:
db_host: 172.25.254.100
db_port: "3306"
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe cm lee4-config
Name: lee4-config
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
db_host:
----
172.25.254.100
db_port:
----
3306
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
1.3.5 configmap的使用方式
通过环境变量的方式直接传递给pod
通过pod的 命令行运行方式
作为volume的方式挂载到pod内
1.3.5.1 使用configmap填充环境变量
#讲cm中的内容映射为指定变量
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim testpod1.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- env
env:
- name: key1
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: lee4-config
key: db_host
- name: key2
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: lee4-config
key: db_port
restartPolicy: Never
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f testpod.yml
pod/testpod created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl logs pods/testpod
KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_HOST=10.104.84.65
HOSTNAME=testpod
SHLVL=1
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_HOST=10.105.246.219
HOME=/
MYAPP_V1_PORT=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V2_PORT=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.104.84.65
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.105.246.219
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.96.0.1
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
key1=172.25.254.100
key2=3306
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
PWD=/
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.96.0.1
#把cm中的值直接映射为变量
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim testpod2.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- env
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: lee4-config
restartPolicy: Never
#查看日志
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl logs pods/testpod
KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_HOST=10.104.84.65
HOSTNAME=testpod
SHLVL=1
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_HOST=10.105.246.219
HOME=/
db_port=3306
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V1_PORT=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V2_PORT=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.104.84.65
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.105.246.219
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.96.0.1
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
age=18
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
name=lee
PWD=/
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.96.0.1
db_host=172.25.254.100
#在pod命令行中使用变量
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim testpod3.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- echo ${db_host} ${db_port} #变量调用需
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: lee4-config
restartPolicy: Never
#查看日志
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl logs pods/testpod
172.25.254.100 3306
1.3.5.2 通过数据卷使用configmap
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim testpod4.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: testpod
name: testpod
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: testpod
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- cat /config/db_host
volumeMounts: #调用卷策略
- name: config-volume #卷名称
mountPath: /config
volumes: #声明卷的配置
- name: config-volume #卷名称
configMap:
name: lee4-config
restartPolicy: Never
#查看日志
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl logs testpod
172.25.254.100
1.3.5.3 利用configMap填充pod的配置文件
#建立配置文件模板
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim nginx.conf
server {
listen 8000;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
#利用模板生成cm
root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create cm nginx-conf --from-file nginx.conf
configmap/nginx-conf created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe cm nginx-conf
Name: nginx-conf
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
nginx.conf:
----
server {
listen 8000;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
BinaryData
====
Events: <none>
#建立nginx控制器文件
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create deployment nginx --image nginx:latest --replicas 1 --dry-run=client -o yaml > nginx.yml
#设定nginx.yml中的卷
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim nginx.yml
[root@k8s-master ~]# cat nginx.
cat: nginx.: 没有那个文件或目录
[root@k8s-master ~]# cat nginx.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
name: nginx
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:latest
name: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: config-volume
mountPath: /etc/nginx/conf.d
volumes:
- name: config-volume
configMap:
name: nginx-conf
#测试
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
nginx-8487c65cfc-cz5hd 1/1 Running 0 3m7s 10.244.2.38 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.244.2.38:8000
1.3.5.4 通过热更新cm修改配置
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl edit cm nginx-conf
apiVersion: v1
data:
nginx.conf: |
server {
listen 8080; #端口改为8080
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2024-09-07T02:49:20Z"
name: nginx-conf
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "153055"
uid: 20bee584-2dab-4bd5-9bcb-78318404fa7a
#查看配置文件
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl exec pods/nginx-8487c65cfc-cz5hd -- cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/nginx.conf
server {
listen 8080;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
}
配置文件修改后不会生效,需要删除pod后控制器会重建pod,这时就生效了
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl delete pods nginx-8487c65cfc-cz5hd
pod "nginx-8487c65cfc-cz5hd" deleted
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.244.2.41:8080
二 secrets配置管理
2.1 secrets的功能介绍
Secret 对象类型用来保存敏感信息,例如密码、OAuth 令牌和 ssh key。
敏感信息放在 secret 中比放在 Pod 的定义或者容器镜像中来说更加安全和灵活
Pod 可以用两种方式使用 secret:
作为 volume 中的文件被挂载到 pod 中的一个或者多个容器里。
当 kubelet 为 pod 拉取镜像时使用。
Secret的类型:
Service Account:Kubernetes 自动创建包含访问 API 凭据的 secret,并自动修改 pod 以使用此类型的 secret。
Opaque:使用base64编码存储信息,可以通过base64 --decode解码获得原始数据,因此安全性弱。
kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson:用于存储docker registry的认证信息
2.2 secrets的创建
在创建secrets时我们可以用命令的方法或者yaml文件的方法
2.2.1从文件创建
[root@k8s-master secrets]# echo -n timinglee > username.txt
[root@k8s-master secrets]# echo -n lee > password.txt
root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl create secret generic userlist --from-file username.txt --from-file password.txt
secret/userlist created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl get secrets userlist -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
password.txt: bGVl
username.txt: dGltaW5nbGVl
kind: Secret
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2024-09-07T07:30:42Z"
name: userlist
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "177216"
uid: 9d76250c-c16b-4520-b6f2-cc6a8ad25594
type: Opaque
编写yaml文件
[root@k8s-master secrets]# echo -n timinglee | base64
dGltaW5nbGVl
[root@k8s-master secrets]# echo -n lee | base64
bGVl
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl create secret generic userlist --dry-run=client -o yaml > userlist.yml
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim userlist.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: userlist
type: Opaque
data:
username: dGltaW5nbGVl
password: bGVl
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl apply -f userlist.yml
secret/userlist created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl describe secrets userlist
Name: userlist
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Type: Opaque
Data
====
password: 3 bytes
username: 9 byte
2.3 Secret的使用方法
2.3.1 将Secret挂载到Volume中
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl run nginx --image nginx --dry-run=client -o yaml > pod1.yaml
#向固定路径映射
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod1.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: nginx
name: nginx
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: secrets
mountPath: /secret
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secrets
secret:
secretName: userlist
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl apply -f pod1.yaml
pod/nginx created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl exec pods/nginx -it -- /bin/bash
root@nginx:/# cat /secret/
cat: /secret/: Is a directory
root@nginx:/# cd /secret/
root@nginx:/secret# ls
password username
root@nginx:/secret# cat password
leeroot@nginx:/secret# cat username
timingleeroot@nginx:/secret#
2.3.2 向指定路径映射 secret 密钥
#向指定路径映射
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod2.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: nginx1
name: nginx1
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx1
volumeMounts:
- name: secrets
mountPath: /secret
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secrets
secret:
secretName: userlist
items:
- key: username
path: my-users/username
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl apply -f pod2.yaml
pod/nginx1 created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl exec pods/nginx1 -it -- /bin/bash
root@nginx1:/# cd secret/
root@nginx1:/secret# ls
my-users
root@nginx1:/secret# cd my-users
root@nginx1:/secret/my-users# ls
username
root@nginx1:/secret/my-users# cat username
2.3.3 将Secret设置为环境变量
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod3.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: busybox
name: busybox
spec:
containers:
- image: busybox
name: busybox
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- env
env:
- name: USERNAME
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: userlist
key: username
- name: PASS
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: userlist
key: password
restartPolicy: Never
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl apply -f pod3.yaml
pod/busybox created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl logs pods/busybox
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
HOSTNAME=busybox
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_HOST=10.104.84.65
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_HOST=10.105.246.219
SHLVL=1
HOME=/root
MYAPP_V1_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V1_PORT=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V2_SERVICE_PORT=80
MYAPP_V2_PORT=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.104.84.65
USERNAME=timinglee
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.105.246.219
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.96.0.1
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
MYAPP_V1_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.104.84.65:80
MYAPP_V2_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.105.246.219:80
PASS=lee
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.96.0.1
PWD=/
2.3.4 存储docker registry的认证信息
建立私有仓库并上传镜像
#登陆仓库
[root@k8s-master secrets]# docker login reg.timinglee.org
Authenticating with existing credentials...
WARNING! Your password will be stored unencrypted in /root/.docker/config.json.
Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/login/#credential-stores
Login Succeeded
#上传镜像
[root@k8s-master secrets]# docker tag timinglee/game2048:latest reg.timinglee.org/timinglee/game2048:latest
[root@k8s-master secrets]# docker push reg.timinglee.org/timinglee/game2048:latest
The push refers to repository [reg.timinglee.org/timinglee/game2048]
88fca8ae768a: Pushed
6d7504772167: Pushed
192e9fad2abc: Pushed
36e9226e74f8: Pushed
011b303988d2: Pushed
latest: digest: sha256:8a34fb9cb168c420604b6e5d32ca6d412cb0d533a826b313b190535c03fe9390 size: 1364
#建立用于docker认证的secret
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl create secret docker-registry docker-auth --docker-server reg.timinglee.org --docker-username admin --docker-password lee --docker-email [email protected]
secret/docker-auth created
[root@k8s-master secrets]# vim pod3.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
run: game2048
name: game2048
spec:
containers:
- image: reg.timinglee.org/timinglee/game2048:latest
name: game2048
imagePullSecrets: #不设定docker认证时无法下载镜像
- name: docker-auth
[root@k8s-master secrets]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
game2048 1/1 Running 0 4s
三 volumes配置管理
容器中文件在磁盘上是临时存放的,这给容器中运行的特殊应用程序带来一些问题
当容器崩溃时,kubelet将重新启动容器,容器中的文件将会丢失,因为容器会以干净的状态重建。
当在一个 Pod 中同时运行多个容器时,常常需要在这些容器之间共享文件。
Kubernetes 卷具有明确的生命周期与使用它的 Pod 相同
卷比 Pod 中运行的任何容器的存活期都长,在容器重新启动时数据也会得到保留
当一个 Pod 不再存在时,卷也将不再存在。
Kubernetes 可以支持许多类型的卷,Pod 也能同时使用任意数量的卷。
卷不能挂载到其他卷,也不能与其他卷有硬链接。 Pod 中的每个容器必须独立地指定每个卷的挂载位置。
3.1 kubernets支持的卷的类型
卷 | Kubernetes容器中的文件在磁盘上是临时存放的,这给在容器中运行较重要的应用带来一些问题。 当容器崩溃或停止时会出现一个问题。此时容器状态未保存, 因此在容器生命周期内创建或修改的所有文件都将丢失。 在崩溃期间,kubelet 会以干净的状态重新启动容器。 当多个容器在一个 Pod 中运行并且需要共享文件时,会出现另一个问题。 跨所有容器设置和访问共享文件系统具有一定的挑战性。Kubernetes 卷(Volume) 这一抽象概念能够解决这两个问题。阅读本文前建议你熟悉一下 Pod。背景 Kubernetes 支持很多类型的卷。 Pod 可以同时使用任意数目的卷类型。 临时卷类型的生命周期与 Pod 相同, 但持久卷可以比 Pod 的存活期长。 当 Pod 不再存在时,Kubernetes 也会销毁临时卷;不过 Kubernetes 不会销毁持久卷。 对于给定 Pod 中任何类型的卷,在容器重启期间数据都不会丢失。卷的核心是一个目录,其中可能存有数据,Pod 中的容器可以访问该目录中的数据。 所采用的特定的卷类型将决定该目录如何形成的、使用何种介质保存数据以及目录中存放的内容。使用卷时, 在 .spec.volumes 字段中设置为 Pod 提供的卷,并在 .spec.containers[*].volumeMounts 字段中声明卷在容器中的挂载位置。 容器中的进程看到的文件系统视图是由它们的容器镜像 的初始内容以及挂载在容器中的卷(如果定义了的话)所组成的。 其中根文件系统同容器镜像的内容相吻合。 任何在该文件系统下的写入操作,如果被允许的话,都会影响接下来容器中进程访问文件系统时所看到的内容。卷挂载在镜像中的指定路径下。 Pod 配置中的每个容器必须独立指定各个卷的挂载位置。卷不能挂载到其他卷之上(不过存在一种使用 subPath 的相关机制),也不能与其他卷有硬链接。卷类型 Kubernetes 支持下列类型的卷:awsElasticBlockStore (已弃用) 在 Kubernetes 1.31 中,所有针对树内 awsElasticBlockStore 类型的操作都会被重定向到 ebs.csi.aws.com CSI 驱动。https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/
k8s支持的卷的类型如下:
awsElasticBlockStore 、azureDisk、azureFile、cephfs、cinder、configMap、csi
downwardAPI、emptyDir、fc (fibre channel)、flexVolume、flocker
gcePersistentDisk、gitRepo (deprecated)、glusterfs、hostPath、iscsi、local、
nfs、persistentVolumeClaim、projected、portworxVolume、quobyte、rbd
scaleIO、secret、storageos、vsphereVolume
3.2 emptyDir卷
功能:
当Pod指定到某个节点上时,首先创建的是一个emptyDir卷,并且只要 Pod 在该节点上运行,卷就一直存在。卷最初是空的。 尽管 Pod 中的容器挂载 emptyDir 卷的路径可能相同也可能不同,但是这些容器都可以读写 emptyDir 卷中相同的文件。 当 Pod 因为某些原因被从节点上删除时,emptyDir 卷中的数据也会永久删除
emptyDir 的使用场景:
缓存空间,例如基于磁盘的归并排序。
耗时较长的计算任务提供检查点,以便任务能方便地从崩溃前状态恢复执行。
在 Web 服务器容器服务数据时,保存内容管理器容器获取的文件。
示例:
[root@k8s-master volumes]# vim pod1.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: vol1
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: vm1
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- sleep 30000000
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /cache
name: cache-vol
- image: nginx:latest
name: vm2
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: cache-vol
volumes:
- name: cache-vol
emptyDir:
medium: Memory
sizeLimit: 100Mi
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl apply -f pod1.yml
#查看pod中卷的使用情况
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl describe pods vol1
#测试效果
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl exec -it pods/vol1 -c vm1 -- /bin/sh
/ # cd /cache/
/cache # ls
/cache # curl localhost
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
/cache # echo timinglee > index.html
/cache # curl localhost
timinglee
/cache # dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=101
dd: writing 'bigfile': No space left on device
101+0 records in
99+1 records out
3.3 hostpath卷
功能:
hostPath 卷能将主机节点文件系统上的文件或目录挂载到您的 Pod 中,不会因为pod关闭而被删除
hostPath 的一些用法
运行一个需要访问 Docker 引擎内部机制的容器,挂载 /var/lib/docker 路径。
在容器中运行 cAdvisor(监控) 时,以 hostPath 方式挂载 /sys。
允许 Pod 指定给定的 hostPath 在运行 Pod 之前是否应该存在,是否应该创建以及应该以什么方式存在
hostPath的安全隐患
具有相同配置(例如从 podTemplate 创建)的多个 Pod 会由于节点上文件的不同而在不同节点上有不同的行为。
当 Kubernetes 按照计划添加资源感知的调度时,这类调度机制将无法考虑由 hostPath 使用的资源。
基础主机上创建的文件或目录只能由 root 用户写入。您需要在 特权容器 中以 root 身份运行进程,或者修改主机上的文件权限以便容器能够写入 hostPath 卷。
示例:
[root@k8s-master volumes]# vim pod1.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: vol1
spec:
containers:
- image: busyboxplus:latest
name: vm1
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- sleep 30000000
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /cache
name: cache-vol
- image: nginx:latest
name: vm2
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: cache-vol
volumes:
- name: cache-vol
emptyDir:
medium: Memory
sizeLimit: 100Mi
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl apply -f pod1.yml
#查看pod中卷的使用情况
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl describe pods vol1
#测试效果
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl exec -it pods/vol1 -c vm1 -- /bin/sh
/ # cd /cache/
/cache # ls
/cache # curl localhost
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
/cache # echo timinglee > index.html
/cache # curl localhost
timinglee
/cache # dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=101
dd: writing 'bigfile': No space left on device
101+0 records in
99+1 records out
3.4 nfs卷
NFS 卷允许将一个现有的 NFS 服务器上的目录挂载到 Kubernetes 中的 Pod 中。这对于在多个 Pod 之间共享数据或持久化存储数据非常有用
例如,如果有多个容器需要访问相同的数据集,或者需要将容器中的数据持久保存到外部存储,NFS 卷可以提供一种方便的解决方案。
3.4.1 部署一台nfs共享主机并在所有k8s节点中安装nfs-utils
#部署nfs主机
[root@reg ~]# dnf install nfs-utils -y
[root@reg ~]# systemctl enable --now nfs-server.service
[root@reg ~]# vim /etc/exports
/nfsdata *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
[root@reg ~]# exportfs -rv
exporting *:/nfsdata
[root@reg ~]# showmount -e
Export list for reg.timinglee.org:
/nfsdata *
#在k8s所有节点中安装nfs-utils
[root@k8s-master & node1 & node2 ~]# dnf install nfs-utils -y
3.4.2 部署nfs卷
[root@k8s-master volumes]# vim pod3.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: vol1
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:latest
name: vm1
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: cache-vol
volumes:
- name: cache-vol
nfs:
server: 172.25.254.250
path: /nfsdata
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl apply -f pod3.yml
pod/vol1 created
#测试
[root@k8s-master volumes]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
vol1 1/1 Running 0 100s 10.244.2.50 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master volumes]# curl 10.244.2.50
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
##在nfs主机中
[root@reg ~]# echo timinglee > /nfsdata/index.html
[root@k8s-master volumes]# curl 10.244.2.50
timinglee
3.5 PersistentVolume持久卷
3.5.1 静态持久卷pv与静态持久卷声明pvc
PersistentVolume(持久卷,简称PV)
pv是集群内由管理员提供的网络存储的一部分。
PV也是集群中的一种资源。是一种volume插件,
但是它的生命周期却是和使用它的Pod相互独立的。
PV这个API对象,捕获了诸如NFS、ISCSI、或其他云存储系统的实现细节
pv有两种提供方式:静态和动态
静态PV:集群管理员创建多个PV,它们携带着真实存储的详细信息,它们存在于Kubernetes API中,并可用于存储使用
动态PV:当管理员创建的静态PV都不匹配用户的PVC时,集群可能会尝试专门地供给volume给PVC。这种供给基于StorageClass
PersistentVolumeClaim(持久卷声明,简称PVC)
是用户的一种存储请求
它和Pod类似,Pod消耗Node资源,而PVC消耗PV资源
Pod能够请求特定的资源(如CPU和内存)。PVC能够请求指定的大小和访问的模式持久卷配置
PVC与PV的绑定是一对一的映射。没找到匹配的PV,那么PVC会无限期得处于unbound未绑定状态
volumes访问模式
ReadWriteOnce -- 该volume只能被单个节点以读写的方式映射
ReadOnlyMany -- 该volume可以被多个节点以只读方式映射
ReadWriteMany -- 该volume可以被多个节点以读写的方式映射
在命令行中,访问模式可以简写为:
RWO - ReadWriteOnce
ROX - ReadOnlyMany
RWX – ReadWriteMany
volumes回收策略
Retain:保留,需要手动回收
Recycle:回收,自动删除卷中数据(在当前版本中已经废弃)
Delete:删除,相关联的存储资产,如AWS EBS,GCE PD,Azure Disk,or OpenStack Cinder卷都会被删除
注意:
只有NFS和HostPath支持回收利用
AWS EBS,GCE PD,Azure Disk,or OpenStack Cinder卷支持删除操作。
volumes状态说明
Available 卷是一个空闲资源,尚未绑定到任何申领
Bound 该卷已经绑定到某申领
Released 所绑定的申领已被删除,但是关联存储资源尚未被集群回收
Failed 卷的自动回收操作失败
静态pv实例:
#在nfs主机中建立实验目录
[root@reg ~]# mkdir /data/pv{1..3}
#编写创建pv的yml文件,pv是集群资源,不在任何namespace中
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pv.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv1
spec:
capacity:
storage: 5Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
storageClassName: nfs
nfs:
path: /nfsdata/pv1
server: 172.25.254.250
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv2
spec:
capacity:
storage: 15Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
storageClassName: nfs
nfs:
path: /nfsdata/pv2
server: 172.25.254.250
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv3
spec:
capacity:
storage: 25Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMangy
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
storageClassName: nfs
nfs:
path: /nfsdata/pv3
server: 172.25.254.250
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pv
NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS REASON AGE
pv1 5Gi RWO Retain Available nfs <unset> 4m50s
pv2 15Gi RWX Retain Available nfs <unset> 4m50s
pv3 25Gi ROX Retain Available nfs <unset> 4m50s
#建立pvc,pvc是pv使用的申请,需要保证和pod在一个namesapce中
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pvc.ym
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc1
spec:
storageClassName: nfs
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc2
spec:
storageClassName: nfs
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc3
spec:
storageClassName: nfs
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 15Gi
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
pvc1 Bound pv1 5Gi RWO nfs <unset> 5s
pvc2 Bound pv2 15Gi RWX nfs <unset> 4s
pvc3 Bound pv3 25Gi ROX nfs <unset> 4s
#在其他namespace中无法应用
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl -n kube-system get pvc
No resources found in kube-system namespace.
在pod中使用pvc
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: timinglee
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
name: vol1
volumes:
- name: vol1
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: pvc1
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
timinglee 1/1 Running 0 83s 10.244.2.54 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl exec -it pods/timinglee -- /bin/bash
root@timinglee:/# curl localhost
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.27.1</center>
</body>
</html>
root@timinglee:/# cd /usr/share/nginx/
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx# ls
html
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx# cd html/
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx/html# ls
[root@reg ~]# echo timinglee > /data/pv1/index.html
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl exec -it pods/timinglee -- /bin/bash
root@timinglee:/# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
root@timinglee:/usr/share/nginx/html# ls
index.html
四 存储类storageclass
GitHub - kubernetes-sigs/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner: Dynamic sub-dir volume provisioner on a remote NFS server.Dynamic sub-dir volume provisioner on a remote NFS server. - kubernetes-sigs/nfs-subdir-external-provisionerhttps://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
4.1 StorageClass说明
StorageClass提供了一种描述存储类(class)的方法,不同的class可能会映射到不同的服务质量等级和备份策略或其他策略等。
每个 StorageClass 都包含 provisioner、parameters 和 reclaimPolicy 字段, 这些字段会在StorageClass需要动态分配 PersistentVolume 时会使用到
4.2 StorageClass的属性
存储类 | Kubernetes本文描述了 Kubernetes 中 StorageClass 的概念。 建议先熟悉卷和持久卷的概念。StorageClass 为管理员提供了描述存储类的方法。 不同的类型可能会映射到不同的服务质量等级或备份策略,或是由集群管理员制定的任意策略。 Kubernetes 本身并不清楚各种类代表的什么。Kubernetes 存储类的概念类似于一些其他存储系统设计中的"配置文件"。StorageClass 对象 每个 StorageClass 都包含 provisioner、parameters 和 reclaimPolicy 字段, 这些字段会在 StorageClass 需要动态制备 PersistentVolume 以满足 PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) 时使用到。StorageClass 对象的命名很重要,用户使用这个命名来请求生成一个特定的类。 当创建 StorageClass 对象时,管理员设置 StorageClass 对象的命名和其他参数。作为管理员,你可以为没有申请绑定到特定 StorageClass 的 PVC 指定一个默认的存储类: 更多详情请参阅 PersistentVolumeClaim 概念。storage/storageclass-low-latency.yaml apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1 kind: StorageClass metadata: name: low-latency annotations: storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "false" provisioner: csi-driver.example-vendor.example reclaimPolicy: Retain # 默认值是 Delete allowVolumeExpansion: true mountOptions: - discard # 这可能会在块存储层启用 UNMAP/TRIM volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer parameters: guaranteedReadWriteLatency: "true" # 这是服务提供商特定的 默认 StorageClass 你可以将某个 StorageClass 标记为集群的默认存储类。 关于如何设置默认的 StorageClass, 请参见更改默认 StorageClass。https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/
Provisioner(存储分配器):用来决定使用哪个卷插件分配 PV,该字段必须指定。可以指定内部分配器,也可以指定外部分配器。外部分配器的代码地址为: kubernetes-incubator/external-storage,其中包括NFS和Ceph等。
Reclaim Policy(回收策略):通过reclaimPolicy字段指定创建的Persistent Volume的回收策略,回收策略包括:Delete 或者 Retain,没有指定默认为Delete。
4.3 存储分配器NFS Client Provisioner
NFS Client Provisioner是一个automatic provisioner,使用NFS作为存储,自动创建PV和对应的PVC,本身不提供NFS存储,需要外部先有一套NFS存储服务。
PV以 ${namespace}-${pvcName}-${pvName}的命名格式提供(在NFS服务器上)
PV回收的时候以 archieved-${namespace}-${pvcName}-${pvName} 的命名格式(在NFS服务器上)
4.4 部署NFS Client Provisioner
4.4.1 创建sa并授权
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim rbac.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["nodes"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "delete"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "update"]
- apiGroups: ["storage.k8s.io"]
resources: ["storageclasses"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["events"]
verbs: ["create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: run-nfs-client-provisioner
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["endpoints"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
roleRef:
kind: Role
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
#查看rbac信息
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f rbac.yml
namespace/nfs-client-provisioner created
serviceaccount/nfs-client-provisioner created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/nfs-client-provisioner-runner created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/run-nfs-client-provisioner created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl -n nfs-client-provisioner get sa
NAME SECRETS AGE
default 0 14s
nfs-client-provisioner 0 14s
4.4.2 部署应用
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim deployment.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
labels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
namespace: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
replicas: 1
strategy:
type: Recreate
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
serviceAccountName: nfs-client-provisioner
containers:
- name: nfs-client-provisioner
image: sig-storage/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner:v4.0.2
volumeMounts:
- name: nfs-client-root
mountPath: /persistentvolumes
env:
- name: PROVISIONER_NAME
value: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
- name: NFS_SERVER
value: 172.25.254.250
- name: NFS_PATH
value: /nfsdata
volumes:
- name: nfs-client-root
nfs:
server: 172.25.254.250
path: /nfsdata
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl -n nfs-client-provisioner get deployments.apps nfs-client-provisioner
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nfs-client-provisioner 1/1 1 1 86s
4.4.3 创建存储类
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim class.yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
name: nfs-client
provisioner: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
parameters:
archiveOnDelete: "false"
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f class.yaml
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/nfs-client created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl get storageclasses.storage.k8s.io
NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE
nfs-client k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner Delete Immediate false 9s
4.4.4 创建pvc
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim pvc.yml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: test-claim
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 1G
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f pvc.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/test-claim created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
test-claim Bound pvc-7782a006-381a-440a-addb-e9d659b8fe0b 1Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 21m
4.4.5 创建测试pod
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim pod.yml
kind: Pod
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-pod
image: busybox
command:
- "/bin/sh"
args:
- "-c"
- "touch /mnt/SUCCESS && exit 0 || exit 1"
volumeMounts:
- name: nfs-pvc
mountPath: "/mnt"
restartPolicy: "Never"
volumes:
- name: nfs-pvc
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: test-claim
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f pod.yml
[root@reg ~]# ls /data/default-test-claim-pvc-b1aef9cc-4be9-4d2a-8c5e-0fe7716247e2/
SUCCESS
4.4.6 设置默认存储类
在未设定默认存储类时pvc必须指定使用类的名称
在设定存储类后创建pvc时可以不用指定storageClassName
#一次性指定多个pvc
[root@k8s-master pvc]# vim pvc.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc1
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc2
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc3
spec:
storageClassName: nfs-client
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 15Gi
root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl apply -f pvc.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/pvc1 created
persistentvolumeclaim/pvc2 created
persistentvolumeclaim/pvc3 created
[root@k8s-master pvc]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
pvc1 Bound pvc-25a3c8c5-2797-4240-9270-5c51caa211b8 1Gi RWO nfs-client <unset> 4s
pvc2 Bound pvc-c7f34d1c-c8d3-4e7f-b255-e29297865353 10Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 4s
pvc3 Bound pvc-5f1086ad-2999-487d-88d2-7104e3e9b221 15Gi ROX nfs-client <unset> 4s
test-claim Bound pvc-b1aef9cc-4be9-4d2a-8c5e-0fe7716247e2 1Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 9m9s
设定默认存储类
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl edit sc nfs-client
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
{"apiVersion":"storage.k8s.io/v1","kind":"StorageClass","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"nfs-client"},"parameters":{"archiveOnDelete":"false"},"provisioner":"k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner"}
storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "true" #设定默认存储类
creationTimestamp: "2024-09-07T13:49:10Z"
name: nfs-client
resourceVersion: "218198"
uid: 9eb1e144-3051-4f16-bdec-30c472358028
parameters:
archiveOnDelete: "false"
provisioner: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
reclaimPolicy: Delete
volumeBindingMode: Immediate
#测试,未指定storageClassName参数
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim pvc.yml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: test-claim
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f pvc.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/test-claim created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
test-claim Bound pvc-b96c6983-5a4f-440d-99ec-45c99637f9b5 1Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 7s
五 statefulset控制器
5.1 功能特性
Statefulset是为了管理有状态服务的问提设计的
StatefulSet将应用状态抽象成了两种情况:
拓扑状态:应用实例必须按照某种顺序启动。新创建的Pod必须和原来Pod的网络标识一样
存储状态:应用的多个实例分别绑定了不同存储数据。
StatefulSet给所有的Pod进行了编号,编号规则是:$(statefulset名称)-$(序号),从0开始。
Pod被删除后重建,重建Pod的网络标识也不会改变,Pod的拓扑状态按照Pod的“名字+编号”的方式固定下来,并且为每个Pod提供了一个固定且唯一的访问入口,Pod对应的DNS记录。
5.2 StatefulSet的组成部分
Headless Service:用来定义pod网络标识,生成可解析的DNS记录
volumeClaimTemplates:创建pvc,指定pvc名称大小,自动创建pvc且pvc由存储类供应。
StatefulSet:管理pod的
5.3 构建方法
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl edit sc nfs-client
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
{"apiVersion":"storage.k8s.io/v1","kind":"StorageClass","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"nfs-client"},"parameters":{"archiveOnDelete":"false"},"provisioner":"k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner"}
storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "true" #设定默认存储类
creationTimestamp: "2024-09-07T13:49:10Z"
name: nfs-client
resourceVersion: "218198"
uid: 9eb1e144-3051-4f16-bdec-30c472358028
parameters:
archiveOnDelete: "false"
provisioner: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
reclaimPolicy: Delete
volumeBindingMode: Immediate
#测试,未指定storageClassName参数
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# vim pvc.yml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: test-claim
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl apply -f pvc.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/test-claim created
[root@k8s-master storageclass]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS VOLUMEATTRIBUTESCLASS AGE
test-claim Bound pvc-b96c6983-5a4f-440d-99ec-45c99637f9b5 1Gi RWX nfs-client <unset> 7s
5.4 测试:
#为每个pod建立index.html文件
[root@reg nfsdata]# echo web-0 > default-www-web-0-pvc-0390b736-477b-4263-9373-a53d20cc8f9f/index.html
[root@reg nfsdata]# echo web-1 > default-www-web-1-pvc-a5ff1a7b-fea5-4e77-afd4-cdccedbc278c/index.html
[root@reg nfsdata]# echo web-2 > default-www-web-2-pvc-83eff88b-4ae1-4a8a-b042-8899677ae854/index.html
#建立测试pod访问web-0~2
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl run -it testpod --image busyboxplus
/ # curl web-0.nginx-svc
web-0
/ # curl web-1.nginx-svc
web-1
/ # curl web-2.nginx-svc
web-2
#删掉重新建立statefulset
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl delete -f statefulset.yml
statefulset.apps "web" deleted
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl apply -f statefulset.yml
statefulset.apps/web created
#访问依然不变
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl attach testpod -c testpod -i -t
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
/ # cu
curl cut
/ # curl web-0.nginx-svc
web-0
/ # curl web-1.nginx-svc
web-1
/ # curl web-2.nginx-svc
web-2
5.5 statefulset的弹缩
首先,想要弹缩的StatefulSet. 需先清楚是否能弹缩该应用
用命令改变副本数
$ kubectl scale statefulsets <stateful-set-name> --replicas=<new-replicas>通过编辑配置改变副本数
$ kubectl edit statefulsets.apps <stateful-set-name>
statefulset有序回收
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl scale statefulset web --replicas 0
statefulset.apps/web scaled
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl delete -f statefulset.yml
statefulset.apps "web" deleted
[root@k8s-master statefulset]# kubectl delete pvc --all
persistentvolumeclaim "test-claim" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-0" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-1" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-2" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-3" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-4" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "www-web-5" deleted
[root@k8s2 statefulset]# kubectl scale statefulsets web --replicas=0
[root@k8s2 statefulset]# kubectl delete -f statefulset.yaml
[root@k8s2 mysql]# kubectl delete pvc --all