引言
从这篇文章开始进入文本系列的BERT预训练模型时代，本文实战Sentence-BERT提出的如何训练嵌入模型的方法。实现类似Huggingface的风格，不同方法的实现之间可能会有一些重复，但每个方法是独立的，降低了复杂性。
架构
我们首先来看的是这种孪生网络结构。如上图所示，句子A和句子B经过同一个预训练好的BERT模型，然后经过池化操作得到定长向量u和v，最后对这两个向量进行一些处理和拼接喂给一个分类层得到最终的输出——对应类别的logits。
可以用于有相似标签(1)和不相似标签(0)的数据集，判断给定的语句对是相似还是不相似的，作为一个分类任务。但在推理阶段，拿到这两个语句的句嵌入后，不需要真的经过Softmax分类器，而是直接计算句嵌入之间的余弦相似度即可。
实现
实现采用类似Huggingface的形式，每个文件夹下面有一种模型。分为modeling、arguments、trainer等不同的文件。不同的架构放置在不同的文件夹内。
modeling.py:
from dataclasses import dataclass
import torch
from torch import Tensor, nn
from transformers.file_utils import ModelOutput
from transformers import (
AutoModel,
AutoTokenizer,
)
import numpy as np
from tqdm.autonotebook import trange
from typing import Optional
# 定义输出类，继承ModelOutput
@dataclass
class BiOutput(ModelOutput):
loss: Optional[Tensor] = None
scores: Optional[Tensor] = None
# 基于分类目标函数训练的Sentence Bert模型
class SentenceBert(nn.Module):
def __init__(
self,
model_name: str,
trust_remote_code: bool = True,
max_length: int = None,
num_classes: int = 2,
pooling_mode: str = "mean",
normalize_embeddings: bool = False,
) -> None:
super().__init__()
self.model_name = model_name
self.normalize_embeddings = normalize_embeddings
self.device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(
model_name, trust_remote_code=trust_remote_code
)
self.model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(
model_name, trust_remote_code=trust_remote_code
).to(self.device)
self.max_length = max_length
self.pooling_mode = pooling_mode
self.loss_fct = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction="mean")
# (u, v, |u - v|)
self.classifier = nn.Linear(self.model.config.hidden_size * 3, num_classes)
def sentence_embedding(self, last_hidden_state, attention_mask):
# 支持平均池化和cls token
if self.pooling_mode == "mean":
attention_mask = attention_mask.unsqueeze(-1).float()
return torch.sum(last_hidden_state * attention_mask, dim=1) / torch.clamp(
attention_mask.sum(1), min=1e-9
)
else:
# cls
return last_hidden_state[:, 0]
# 将原始文本编码成句向量，支持批处理防止OOM
def encode(
self,
sentences: str | list[str],
batch_size: int = 64,
convert_to_tensor: bool = True,
show_progress_bar: bool = False,
):
if isinstance(sentences, str):
sentences = [sentences]
all_embeddings = []
for start_index in trange(
0, len(sentences), batch_size, desc="Batches", disable=not show_progress_bar
):
batch = sentences[start_index : start_index + batch_size]
features = self.tokenizer(
batch,
padding=True,
truncation=True,
return_tensors="pt",
return_attention_mask=True,
max_length=self.max_length,
).to(self.device)
out_features = self.model(**features, return_dict=True)
embeddings = self.sentence_embedding(
out_features.last_hidden_state, features["attention_mask"]
)
if not self.training:
# 非训练模式下可以脱离计算图，节省显存
embeddings = embeddings.detach()
if self.normalize_embeddings:
embeddings = torch.nn.functional.normalize(embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
if not convert_to_tensor:
embeddings = embeddings.cpu()
all_embeddings.extend(embeddings)
# 支持将句向量转换为Tensor或Numpy
if convert_to_tensor:
all_embeddings = torch.stack(all_embeddings)
else:
all_embeddings = np.asarray([emb.numpy() for emb in all_embeddings])
return all_embeddings
def concat_embedding(self, source_embeddings, target_embeddings):
# (u, v, |u - v|)的拼接
embeddings = torch.cat(
[
source_embeddings,
target_embeddings,
torch.abs(source_embeddings - target_embeddings),
],
dim=-1,
)
return self.classifier(embeddings)
def compute_loss(self, source_embed, target_embed, labels):
logits = self.concat_embedding(source_embed, target_embed)
labels = torch.LongTensor(labels).to(self.device)
# 计算损失
return self.loss_fct(logits, labels)
def forward(self, source, target, labels) -> BiOutput:
"""
forward仅是用于训练，推理时直接使用encode即可
Args:
source :
target :
"""
source_embed = self.encode(source)
target_embed = self.encode(target)
scores = torch.cosine_similarity(source_embed, target_embed)
loss = self.compute_loss(source_embed, target_embed, labels)
return BiOutput(loss, scores)
def save_pretrained(self, output_dir: str):
# 修改保存模型参数的方法
state_dict = self.model.state_dict()
state_dict = type(state_dict)(
{k: v.clone().cpu().contiguous() for k, v in state_dict.items()}
)
self.model.save_pretrained(output_dir, state_dict=state_dict)
整个模型的实现放到modeling.py文件中。
arguments.py:
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Optional
import os
@dataclass
class ModelArguments:
model_name_or_path: str = field(
metadata={
"help": "Path to pretrained model"
}
)
config_name: Optional[str] = field(
default=None,
metadata={
"help": "Pretrained config name or path if not the same as model_name"
},
)
tokenizer_name: Optional[str] = field(
default=None,
metadata={
"help": "Pretrained tokenizer name or path if not the same as model_name"
},
)
@dataclass
class DataArguments:
train_data_path: str = field(
default=None, metadata={"help": "Path to train corpus"}
)
eval_data_path: str = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "Path to eval corpus"})
max_length: int = field(
default=512,
metadata={
"help": "The maximum total input sequence length after tokenization for input text."
},
)
def __post_init__(self):
if not os.path.exists(self.train_data_path):
raise FileNotFoundError(
f"cannot find file: {self.train_data_path}, please set a true path"
)
if not os.path.exists(self.eval_data_path):
raise FileNotFoundError(
f"cannot find file: {self.eval_data_path}, please set a true path"
)
定义了模型和数据相关参数。
dataset.py:
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from datasets import Dataset as dt
import pandas as pd
from utils import build_dataframe_from_csv
class PairDataset(Dataset):
def __init__(self, data_path: str) -> None:
df = build_dataframe_from_csv(data_path)
self.dataset = dt.from_pandas(df, split="train")
self.total_len = len(self.dataset)
def __len__(self):
return self.total_len
def __getitem__(self, index) -> dict[str, str]:
query1 = self.dataset[index]["query1"]
query2 = self.dataset[index]["query2"]
label = self.dataset[index]["label"]
return {"query1": query1, "query2": query2, "label": label}
class PairCollator:
def __call__(self, features) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
queries1 = []
queries2 = []
labels = []
for feature in features:
queries1.append(feature["query1"])
queries2.append(feature["query2"])
labels.append(feature["label"])
return {"source": queries1, "target": queries2, "labels": labels}
数据集类考虑了LCQMC数据集的格式，即成对的语句和一个数值标签。类似：
Hello. Hi. 1
Nice to see you. Nice 0
trainer.py:
import torch
from transformers.trainer import Trainer
from typing import Optional
import os
import logging
from modeling import SentenceBert
TRAINING_ARGS_NAME = "training_args.bin"
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class BiTrainer(Trainer):
def compute_loss(self, model: SentenceBert, inputs, return_outputs=False):
outputs = model(**inputs)
loss = outputs.loss
return (loss, outputs) if return_outputs else loss
def _save(self, output_dir: Optional[str] = None, state_dict=None):
# If we are executing this function, we are the process zero, so we don't check for that.
output_dir = output_dir if output_dir is not None else self.args.output_dir
os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
logger.info(f"Saving model checkpoint to {output_dir}")
self.model.save_pretrained(output_dir)
if self.tokenizer is not None:
self.tokenizer.save_pretrained(output_dir)
# Good practice: save your training arguments together with the trained model
torch.save(self.args, os.path.join(output_dir, TRAINING_ARGS_NAME))
继承🤗 Transformers的Trainer类，重写了compute_loss和_save方法。
这样我们就可以利用🤗 Transformers来训练我们的模型了。
utils.py:
import torch
import pandas as pd
from scipy.stats import pearsonr, spearmanr
from typing import Tuple
def build_dataframe_from_csv(dataset_csv: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
df = pd.read_csv(
dataset_csv,
sep="\t",
header=None,
names=["query1", "query2", "label"],
)
return df
def compute_spearmanr(x, y):
return spearmanr(x, y).correlation
def compute_pearsonr(x, y):
return pearsonr(x, y)[0]
def find_best_acc_and_threshold(scores, labels, high_score_more_similar: bool):
"""Copied from https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers/tree/master"""
assert len(scores) == len(labels)
rows = list(zip(scores, labels))
rows = sorted(rows, key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=high_score_more_similar)
print(rows)
max_acc = 0
best_threshold = -1
# positive examples number so far
positive_so_far = 0
# remain negative examples
remaining_negatives = sum(labels == 0)
for i in range(len(rows) - 1):
score, label = rows[i]
if label == 1:
positive_so_far += 1
else:
remaining_negatives -= 1
acc = (positive_so_far + remaining_negatives) / len(labels)
if acc > max_acc:
max_acc = acc
best_threshold = (rows[i][0] + rows[i + 1][0]) / 2
return max_acc, best_threshold
def metrics(y: torch.Tensor, y_pred: torch.Tensor) -> Tuple[float, float, float, float]:
TP = ((y_pred == 1) & (y == 1)).sum().float() # True Positive
TN = ((y_pred == 0) & (y == 0)).sum().float() # True Negative
FN = ((y_pred == 0) & (y == 1)).sum().float() # False Negatvie
FP = ((y_pred == 1) & (y == 0)).sum().float() # False Positive
p = TP / (TP + FP).clamp(min=1e-8) # Precision
r = TP / (TP + FN).clamp(min=1e-8) # Recall
F1 = 2 * r * p / (r + p).clamp(min=1e-8) # F1 score
acc = (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN).clamp(min=1e-8) # Accurary
return acc, p, r, F1
def compute_metrics(predicts, labels):
return metrics(labels, predicts)
定义了一些帮助函数，从sentence-transformers库中拷贝了寻找最佳准确率阈值的实现find_best_acc_and_threshold。
除了准确率，还计算了句嵌入的余弦相似度与真实标签之间的斯皮尔曼等级相关系数指标。
最后定义训练和测试脚本。
train.py:
from transformers import set_seed, HfArgumentParser, TrainingArguments
import logging
from pathlib import Path
from datetime import datetime
from modeling import SentenceBert
from trainer import BiTrainer
from arguments import DataArguments, ModelArguments
from dataset import PairCollator, PairDataset
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logging.basicConfig(
format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s",
datefmt="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
level=logging.INFO,
)
def main():
parser = HfArgumentParser((TrainingArguments, DataArguments, ModelArguments))
training_args, data_args, model_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()
# 根据当前时间生成输出目录
output_dir = f"{training_args.output_dir}/{model_args.model_name_or_path.replace('/', '-')}-{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S')}"
training_args.output_dir = output_dir
logger.info(f"Training parameters {training_args}")
logger.info(f"Data parameters {data_args}")
logger.info(f"Model parameters {model_args}")
# 设置随机种子
set_seed(training_args.seed)
# 加载预训练模型
model = SentenceBert(
model_args.model_name_or_path,
trust_remote_code=True,
max_length=data_args.max_length,
)
tokenizer = model.tokenizer
# 构建训练和测试集
train_dataset = PairDataset(data_args.train_data_path)
eval_dataset = PairDataset(data_args.eval_data_path)
# 传入参数
trainer = BiTrainer(
model=model,
args=training_args,
train_dataset=train_dataset,
eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
data_collator=PairCollator(),
tokenizer=tokenizer,
)
Path(training_args.output_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
# 开始训练
trainer.train()
trainer.save_model()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
训练
基于train.py定义了train.sh传入相关参数：
timestamp=$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M)
logfile="train_${timestamp}.log"
# change CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=3 nohup python train.py \
--model_name_or_path=hfl/chinese-macbert-large \
--output_dir=output \
--train_data_path=data/train.txt \
--eval_data_path=data/dev.txt \
--num_train_epochs=3 \
--save_total_limit=5 \
--learning_rate=2e-5 \
--weight_decay=0.01 \
--warmup_ratio=0.01 \
--bf16=True \
--eval_strategy=epoch \
--save_strategy=epoch \
--per_device_train_batch_size=64 \
--report_to="none" \
--remove_unused_columns=False \
--max_length=128 \
> "$logfile" 2>&1 &
以上参数根据个人环境修改，这里使用的是哈工大的chinese-macbert-large预训练模型。
注意：
--remove_unused_columns是必须的。- 通过
bf16=True可以加速训练同时不影响效果。 - 其他参数可以自己调整。
...
100%|██████████| 11193/11193 [46:22<00:00, 4.32it/09/02/2024 20:14:12 - INFO - trainer - Saving model checkpoint to output/hfl-chinese-macbert-large-2024-09-02_19-27-42/checkpoint-11193
100%|██████████| 11193/11193 [46:40<00:00, 4.00it/s]
09/02/2024 20:14:29 - INFO - trainer - Saving model checkpoint to output/hfl-chinese-macbert-large-2024-09-02_19-27-42
{'eval_loss': 0.32857951521873474, 'eval_runtime': 56.1904, 'eval_samples_per_second': 156.646, 'eval_steps_per_second': 19.594, 'epoch': 3.0}
{'train_runtime': 2800.0605, 'train_samples_per_second': 255.815, 'train_steps_per_second': 3.997, 'train_loss': 0.1678411467916938, 'epoch': 3.0}
这里仅训练了3轮，我们拿最后保存的模型output/hfl-chinese-macbert-large-2024-09-02_19-27-42进行测试。
测试
test.py: 测试脚本见后文的完整代码。
test.sh:
# change CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python test.py \
--model_name_or_path=output/hfl-chinese-macbert-large-2024-09-02_19-27-42/checkpoint-11193 \
--test_data_path=data/test.txt
输出：
TestArguments(model_name_or_path='output/hfl-chinese-macbert-large-2024-09-02_19-27-42/checkpoint-11193', test_data_path='data/test.txt', max_length=64, batch_size=128)
Batches: 100%|█████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 98/98 [00:11<00:00, 8.71it/s]
Batches: 100%|█████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 98/98 [00:10<00:00, 8.99it/s]
max_acc: 0.8918, best_threshold: 0.898765
spearman corr: 0.7982 | pearson_corr corr: 0.7514 | compute time: 22.19s
accuracy=0.892 precision=0.896 recal=0.886 f1 score=0.8912
正如上文所说，我们还计算了spearman。
测试集上的准确率达到89.2%，超过了之前我们看到的所有模型。
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