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详解Rust标准库:HashSet

## 查看本地官方文档

安装rust后运行

rustup doc

查看The Standard Library即可获取标准库内容

std::collections::hash_set::HashSet定义

HashSet是一种集合数据结构,它只存储唯一的元素。它主要用于检查元素是否存在于集合中,或者对元素进行去重操作,两个键相等,则它们的哈希值必须相等

HashSet定义

// 默认哈希器为RandomState
pub struct HashSet<T, S = RandomState> {
    // 负责管理哈希表的存储和操作。它包含了哈希表的具体实现细节,如存储桶(buckets)、哈希函数、冲突解决策略
    base: base::HashSet<T, S>,
}

方法

with_capacity:创建一个具有指定初始容量的HashSet,可以预先分配足够的空间,避免在插入元素时频繁重新分配内存

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let hash_set: HashSet<u8> = HashSet::with_capacity(20);
    println!("{}", hash_set.capacity())
    // 28
}

capacity:返回HashSet当前的容量,即它可以容纳的元素数量,不包括已经被占用的空间用于处理哈希冲突等情况

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::with_capacity(5);
    hash_set.insert(1);
    hash_set.insert(2);
    println!("Capacity: {}", hash_set.capacity());
    // Capacity: 7
}

iter:返回一个不可变迭代器,用于遍历HashSet中的元素。元素的顺序是由哈希值和哈希表的内部结构决定的,不是按照插入顺序

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    for element in hash_set.iter() {
        println!("{}", element);
    }
    // 3
    // 1
    // 2
}

len:返回HashSet中元素的数量

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    println!("Length: {}", hash_set.len());
    // Length: 3
}

is_empty:判断HashSet是否为空

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let hash_set: HashSet<i32> = HashSet::new();
    println!("Is empty? {}", hash_set.is_empty());
    // Is empty? true
    let non_empty_set = HashSet::from([1]);
    println!("Is non - empty set empty? {}", non_empty_set.is_empty());
    // s non - empty set empty? false
}

drain:移除HashSet中的所有元素,并返回一个迭代器,允许在移除元素的同时对其进行处理

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    let drained: HashSet<i32> = hash_set.drain().collect();
    println!("Drained set: {:?}", drained);
    // Drained set: {1, 2, 3}
    println!("Original set after drain: {:?}", hash_set);
    // Original set after drain: {}
}

retain:保留满足给定谓词的元素,删除不满足的元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    hash_set.retain(|&x| x % 2 == 0);
    println!("Retained set: {:?}", hash_set);
    // Retained set: {4, 2}
}

clear:移除HashSet中的所有元素,使其变为空集

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    hash_set.clear();
    println!("Cleared set: {:?}", hash_set);
    // Cleared set: {}
}

with_hasher:使用指定的哈希器(hasher)创建一个HashSet。哈希器用于计算元素的哈希值,可以用于自定义哈希策略

use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::hash::RandomState;
fn main() {
    let s = RandomState::new();
    let mut set = HashSet::with_hasher(s);
    set.insert(2);
    println!("{:?}", set);
    // {2}
}

with_capacity_and_hasher:同时指定初始容量和哈希器来创建一个HashSet

use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::hash::RandomState;
fn main() {
    let s = RandomState::new();
    let set: HashSet<u8> = HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(10, s);
    let hasher: &RandomState = set.hasher();
    println!("Capacity: {}", set.capacity());
    // Capacity: 14
    println!("hasher: {:?}", hasher);
    // hasher: RandomState { .. }
}

hasher:返回HashSet当前使用的哈希器

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let hash_set: HashSet<u8> = HashSet::new();
    let hasher = hash_set.hasher();
    println!("{:?}", hasher);
    // RandomState { .. }
}

reserve:增加HashSet的容量,确保它可以容纳至少指定数量的额外元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set: HashSet<u8> = HashSet::new();
    hash_set.reserve(10);
    println!("{}", hash_set.capacity());
    // 14
}

try_reserve:尝试增加HashSet的容量,如果无法增加则返回false。这是一种更安全的容量增加方式,避免可能的内存分配错误

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set: HashSet<u8> = HashSet::new();
    if hash_set.try_reserve(10).is_ok() {
        println!("Reserved successfully");
        // Reserved successfully
    } else {
        println!("Failed to reserve");
    }
    println!("Capacity: {}", hash_set.capacity());
    // 14
}

shrink_to_fit:将HashSet的容量调整为与当前元素数量相匹配,释放多余的内存

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::with_capacity(10);
    hash_set.insert(1);
    hash_set.insert(2);
    println!("{}", hash_set.capacity());
    // 14
    hash_set.shrink_to_fit();
    println!("{}", hash_set.capacity());
    // 3
}

shrink_to:将HashSet的容量缩减为不超过指定的最小值。如果当前容量小于指定值,则不进行任何操作

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::with_capacity(10);
    hash_set.insert(1);
    hash_set.insert(2);
    println!("{}", hash_set.capacity());
    // 14
    hash_set.shrink_to(5);
    println!("{}", hash_set.capacity());
    // 7
}

difference:返回一个迭代器,包含在当前HashSet中但不在另一个HashSet中的元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let a = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    let b = HashSet::from([4, 2, 3, 4]);

    for x in a.difference(&b) {
        println!("{x}"); // 1
    }
    // 在a但不在b中的元素
    let diff: HashSet<_> = a.difference(&b).collect();
    println!("{:?}", diff);
    // {1}

    // 在b但不在a中的元素
    let diff: HashSet<_> = b.difference(&a).collect();
    println!("{:?}", diff);
    // {4}
}

symmetric_difference:返回一个迭代器,包含在当前HashSet或另一个HashSet中,但不同时在两个集合中的元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let a = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    let b = HashSet::from([4, 2, 3, 4]);

    for x in a.symmetric_difference(&b) {
        println!("{x}"); // 1 4
    }
    let diff1: HashSet<_> = a.symmetric_difference(&b).collect();
    let diff2: HashSet<_> = b.symmetric_difference(&a).collect();
    println!("diff1: {:?}", diff1);
    // diff1: {1, 4}
    println!("diff2: {:?}", diff2);
    // diff2: {4, 1}
}

intersection:返回一个迭代器,包含同时在当前HashSet和另一个HashSet中的元素,即交集

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let a = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    let b = HashSet::from([4, 2, 3, 4]);

    for x in a.intersection(&b) {
        println!("{x}"); // 2 3
    }
    let intersection: HashSet<_> = a.intersection(&b).collect();
    println!("{:?}", intersection);
    // {2, 3}
}

union:返回一个联合迭代器,包含在当前HashSet或另一个HashSet中的所有元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let a = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    let b = HashSet::from([4, 2, 3, 4]);

    for x in a.union(&b) {
        println!("{x}"); // 1 2 3 4
    }

    let union: HashSet<_> = a.union(&b).collect();
    println!("Union: {:?}", union);
    // Union: {1, 2, 3, 4}
}

contains:检查HashSet是否包含指定的元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    println!("Contains 2? {}", hash_set.contains(&2));
    // Contains 2? true
}

get:返回一个指向HashSet中指定元素的引用,如果元素不存在则返回None

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    if let Some(element) = hash_set.get(&2) {
        println!("Element found: {}", element);
        // Element found: 2
    }
}

is_disjoint:检查当前HashSet与另一个HashSet是否没有共同的元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let set1 = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    let set2 = HashSet::from([4, 5, 6]);
    println!("Is disjoint? {}", set1.is_disjoint(&set2));
    // Is disjoint? true
}

is_subset::检查当前HashSet是否是另一个HashSet的子集,即当前集合中的所有元素都在另一个集合中

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let set1 = HashSet::from([1, 2]);
    let set2 = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    println!("Is subset? {}", set1.is_subset(&set2));
    // Is subset? true
}

is_superset:检查当前HashSet是否是另一个HashSet的超集,即另一个集合中的所有元素都在当前集合中

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let set1 = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    let set2 = HashSet::from([1, 2]);
    println!("Is superset? {}", set1.is_superset(&set2));
    // Is superset? true
}

insert:向HashSet中插入一个元素。如果元素已经存在,则不进行任何操作

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::new();
    hash_set.insert(1);
    println!("{:?}", hash_set);
    // {1}
}

replace:向HashSet中插入一个元素,替换掉已有的相同元素。如果元素不存在,则插入新元素

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::from([1]);
    hash_set.replace(2);
    println!("Replaced set: {:?}", hash_set);
    // Replaced set: {2, 1}
}

remove:从HashSet中移除指定的元素。如果元素不存在,则不进行任何操作

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    hash_set.remove(&2);
    println!("Removed set: {:?}", hash_set);
    // Removed set: {1, 3}
}

take:从HashSet中移除并返回指定的元素,如果元素不存在则返回None

use std::collections::HashSet;
fn main() {
    let mut hash_set = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3]);
    if let Some(element) = hash_set.take(&2) {
        println!("Taken element: {}", element);
        // Taken element: 2
    }
    println!("Set after take: {:?}", hash_set);
    // Set after take: {1, 3}
}
;