const data = [{
    "id": 10,
    "name": "phone",
    "children": [
        {
            "id": 31,
            "name": "cellphone",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": 47,
                    "name": "android"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": 32,
            "name": "landline"
        }
    ]
},
{
    "id": 12,
    "name": "document"
},
{
    "id": 90,
    "name": "document-name",
    "children": [
        {
            "id": 91,
            "name": "new-name"
        }
    ]
}]

const filterId = (data, id) => {
  if(!Array.isArray(data)) {
  	return data
  }
  return data.filter(item => {
    if ('children' in item) {
    	item.children = filterId(item.children, id)
    }
    return (item.id === undefined || item.id !== id)
  })
}
console.log(JSON.stringify(data, null, 4))
const filtredData = filterId(data, 47)
console.log(JSON.stringify(filtredData, null, 4))

data的数据：

删除后filtredData的数据：

注意：最外层一定要是数组，有的给的是对象，需要自己在最外层加上[],得到最后的结果后再取数据的[0]即可