Bootstrap

Ubuntu更新软件源 国内常用源推荐 apt和dpkg命令

1、更换软件源

备份当前源:

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

编辑源列表:

sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list

填入当前版本推荐的源地址,保存后更新:

sudo apt update

2、不同系统版本的软件源推荐

2.1 Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial)

阿里云
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse
清华大学
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse
中科大
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse

2.2 Ubuntu 18.04(Bionic)

 阿里云
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security multiverse
清华大学
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security multiverse
中科大
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security multiverse

2.3 Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal)

阿里云
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security multiverse
清华大学
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security multiverse
中科大
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security multiverse

2.4 Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy)

阿里云
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security universe  
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security multiverse
清华大学
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security multiverse
中科大
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security universe  
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security multiverse

3、其它

3.1 apt update的作用

  • 读取源列表:apt 会读取 /etc/apt/sources.list 文件及 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ 目录下的所有文件,这些文件中列出了软件包源的地址。

  • 连接软件源:apt 会尝试连接到在源列表中指定的每个软件源(通常是远程服务器),以获取最新的软件包信息。

  • 下载软件包索引:从每个软件源下载软件包索引文件。这些索引文件包含了可用软件包的名称、版本、描述以及依赖关系等信息。

  • 更新本地缓存:将下载的软件包索引文件存储在本地缓存中,通常位于 /var/lib/apt/lists/ 目录下。这样,系统在后续的安装或升级操作中可以快速访问这些信息。

  • 检查更新:apt 会检查已安装软件包的版本与软件源中提供的最新版本进行比较,以确定哪些软件包可以更新。

  • 输出结果:最后,apt 会在终端输出更新的结果,包括哪些软件包有可用的更新,以及它们的版本信息。

3.2 软件源解析

每一行指定了不同的软件源和组件,包括:

  • main: 官方支持的软件包。
  • restricted: 确保了对某些专有驱动的支持。
  • universe: 社区维护的软件包。
  • multiverse: 不受支持的软件包,可能涉及法律或版权问题。
  • backports: 新版本的软件包,可用于旧版系统。
  • security: 安全更新的软件包。

3.3 apt命令常用选项

命令说明
apt update从配置的源中下载最新的软件包列表,以便系统知道可用的最新版本
apt upgrade升级所有已安装的软件包到最新版本,但不会安装新软件包或删除旧软件包
apt full-upgrade升级所有已安装的软件包,并根据需要安装新软件包或删除旧软件包,以满足依赖关系。
apt install <package-name>安装指定的软件包
apt remove <package-name>删除指定的软件包,但保留其配置文件
apt purge <package-name>删除指定的软件包及其配置文件
apt search <package-name>在软件包列表中查找指定的软件包
apt show <package-name>显示指定软件包的详细信息,包括版本、依赖关系和描述
apt autoremove删除系统中不再需要的依赖包,以释放空间
apt clean清理本地缓存的下载包,以释放磁盘空间

3.4 dpkg命令常用选项

命令说明
sudo dpkg -i <package-file.deb>安装指定的.deb软件包文件
sudo dpkg -r <package-name>卸载指定的软件包,但保留其配置文件
sudo dpkg --purge <package-name>用于完全卸载指定的软件包,包括其配置文件
dpkg -l列出系统中所有已安装的软件包
dpkg -l | grep <package-name>用于查找特定的软件包是否已安装
dpkg -s <package-name>显示指定软件包的详细信息,包括版本、依赖关系和描述
dpkg -c <package-file.deb>列出指定.deb软件包中的文件
dpkg -L <package-name>列出已安装软件包的所有文件
dpkg -S <file-name>查找指定文件属于哪个已安装的软件包
sudo dpkg --configure -a配置所有未完全安装的软件包,通常用于修复安装过程中出现的问题

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