Shell脚本中$0、$?、$!、$$、$*、$#、$@等的意义以及linux命令执行返回值意义
(1) Shell脚本中$0、$?、$!、$$、$*、$#、$@等的意义说明
1.1、简要说明
ps： 你在Linux环境下多试下就明白了
$$
Shell本身的PID（ProcessID，即脚本运行的当前
进程ID号）
$!
Shell最后运行的后台Process的PID(后台运行的最后一个进程的
进程ID号)
$?
最后运行的命令的结束代码（返回值）即执行上一个指令的返回值 (显示最后命令的退出状态。0表示没有错误，其他任何值表明有错误)
$-
显示shell使用的当前选项，与set命令功能相同
$*
所有参数列表。如"$*"用「"」括起来的情况、以"$1 $2 … $n"的形式输出所有参数，此选项参数可超过9个。
$@
所有参数列表。如"$@"用「"」括起来的情况、以"$1" "$2" … "$n" 的形式输出所有参数。
$@ 跟$*类似，但是可以当作数组用
$#
添加到Shell的参数个数
$0
Shell本身的文件名
$1～$n
添加到Shell的各参数值。$1是第1参数、$2是第2参数…。
1.2、脚本举例
我们先写一个简单的脚本，执行以后再解释各个变量的意义
# touch variable
# vi variable
脚本内容如下：
#!/bin/sh
echo "number:$#"
echo "scname:$0"
echo "first :$1"
echo "second:$2"
echo "argume:$@"
保存退出
赋予脚本执行权限
# chmod +x variable
执行脚本
# ./variable aa bb
number:2
scname:./variable
first: aa
second:bb
argume:aa bb
结果分析
通过显示结果可以看到：
$# 是传给脚本的参数个数
$0 是脚本本身的名字
$1是传递给该shell脚本的第一个参数
$2是传递给该shell脚本的第二个参数
$@ 是传给脚本的所有参数的列表
(2) linux命令执行返回值说明
在 Linux 下，不管你是启动一个桌面程序也好，还是在控制台下运行命令，所有的程序在结束时，都会返回一个数字值，这个值叫做返回值，或者称为错误号 ( Error Number )。
2.1、在控制台下，有一个特殊的环境变量 $?，保存着前一个程序的返回值，我们可以试试：
$ ls *.png
Diagram1.png eqn.png peazip.png
eqn4.png Mandelbrot.png x2.png
$ echo $?
0
先随便执行个命令，比如像上面的 ls 某些文件，然后通过 echo $?，打印 $? 的值～
我们发现返回值是 0，这是什么意思呢？
只要返回值是 0，就代表程序执行成功了～
也就是说，如果 $? 变量的值不是 0 的话，就表示上一个命令在执行的过程中出错了。
2.2、我们可以试着 ls 一个不存在的文件：
$ ls linuxgem
ls: 无法访问 linuxgem: 没有那个文件或目录
$ echo $?
2
这样，对于某些打印出一堆不熟悉的英文信息的命令，可以方便的看出它是否成功执行结束。
不过，每次都 echo $? 一下太累了，没关系，你可以把 $? 放在提示符里去：
2.3、将上次命令执行是否成功的返回值放到提示符里面去：export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
tom@localhost ~ $ export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
[0]tom@localhost ~ $
export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}" 这个命令把 $? 的值放在的提示符的最前面，这样每次执行完命令，这个值都会自动更新，这下就一目了然了～
2.3、用perror查看错误提示
那么如果返回的值不是 0，我们要怎么知道是那里出错了呢？ 大多数的程序出错都会给出提示，如果没有提示的话，可以用 perror 这个程序来查看错误的信息，比如返回值是 2，我们可以运行：
$ perror 2
OS error code 2: No such file or directory
这样就清楚了，原来是文件不存在～
2.4、给出错误代码及其具体原因对照表：
"OS error code 1: Operation not permitted"
"OS error code 2: No such file or directory"
"OS error code 3: No such process"
"OS error code 4: Interrupted system call"
"OS error code 5: Input/output error"
"OS error code 6: No such device or address"
"OS error code 7: Argument list too long"
"OS error code 8: Exec format error"
"OS error code 9: Bad file descriptor"
"OS error code 10: No child processes"
"OS error code 11: Resource temporarily unavailable"
"OS error code 12: Cannot allocate memory"
"OS error code 13: Permission denied"
"OS error code 14: Bad address"
"OS error code 15: Block device required"
"OS error code 16: Device or resource busy"
"OS error code 17: File exists"
"OS error code 18: Invalid cross-device link"
"OS error code 19: No such device"
"OS error code 20: Not a directory"
"OS error code 21: Is a directory"
"OS error code 22: Invalid argument"
"OS error code 23: Too many open files in system"
"OS error code 24: Too many open files"
"OS error code 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device"
"OS error code 26: Text file busy"
"OS error code 27: File too large"
"OS error code 28: No space left on device"
"OS error code 29: Illegal seek"
"OS error code 30: Read-only file system"
"OS error code 31: Too many links"
"OS error code 32: Broken pipe"
"OS error code 33: Numerical argument out of domain"
"OS error code 34: Numerical result out of range"
"OS error code 35: Resource deadlock avoided"
"OS error code 36: File name too long"
"OS error code 37: No locks available"
"OS error code 38: Function not implemented"
"OS error code 39: Directory not empty"
"OS error code 40: Too many levels of symbolic links"
"OS error code 42: No message of desired type"
"OS error code 43: Identifier removed"
"OS error code 44: Channel number out of range"
"OS error code 45: Level 2 not synchronized"
"OS error code 46: Level 3 halted"
"OS error code 47: Level 3 reset"
"OS error code 48: Link number out of range"
"OS error code 49: Protocol driver not attached"
"OS error code 50: No CSI structure available"
"OS error code 51: Level 2 halted"
"OS error code 52: Invalid exchange"
"OS error code 53: Invalid request descriptor"
"OS error code 54: Exchange full"
"OS error code 55: No anode"
"OS error code 56: Invalid request code"
"OS error code 57: Invalid slot"
"OS error code 59: Bad font file format"
"OS error code 60: Device not a stream"
"OS error code 61: No data available"
"OS error code 62: Timer expired"
"OS error code 63: Out of streams resources"
"OS error code 64: Machine is not on the network"
"OS error code 65: Package not installed"
"OS error code 66: Object is remote"
"OS error code 67: Link has been severed"
"OS error code 68: Advertise error"
"OS error code 69: Srmount error"
"OS error code 70: Communication error on send"
"OS error code 71: Protocol error"
"OS error code 72: Multihop attempted"
"OS error code 73: RFS specific error"
"OS error code 74: Bad message"
"OS error code 75: Value too large for defined data type"
"OS error code 76: Name not unique on network"
"OS error code 77: File descriptor in bad state"
"OS error code 78: Remote address changed"
"OS error code 79: Can not access a needed shared library"
"OS error code 80: Accessing a corrupted shared library"
"OS error code 81: .lib section in a.out corrupted"
"OS error code 82: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
"OS error code 83: Cannot exec a shared library directly"
"OS error code 84: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
"OS error code 85: Interrupted system call should be restarted"
"OS error code 86: Streams pipe error"
"OS error code 87: Too many users"
"OS error code 88: Socket operation on non-socket"
"OS error code 89: Destination address required"
"OS error code 90: Message too long"
"OS error code 91: Protocol wrong type for socket"
"OS error code 92: Protocol not available"
"OS error code 93: Protocol not supported"
"OS error code 94: Socket type not supported"
"OS error code 95: Operation not supported"
"OS error code 96: Protocol family not supported"
"OS error code 97: Address family not supported by protocol"
"OS error code 98: Address already in use"
"OS error code 99: Cannot assign requested address"
"OS error code 100: Network is down"
"OS error code 101: Network is unreachable"
"OS error code 102: Network dropped connection on reset"
"OS error code 103: Software caused connection abort"
"OS error code 104: Connection reset by peer"
"OS error code 105: No buffer space available"
"OS error code 106: Transport endpoint is already connected"
"OS error code 107: Transport endpoint is not connected"
"OS error code 108: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
"OS error code 109: Too many references: cannot splice"
"OS error code 110: Connection timed out"
"OS error code 111: Connection refused"
"OS error code 112: Host is down"
"OS error code 113: No route to host"
"OS error code 114: Operation already in progress"
"OS error code 115: Operation now in progress"
"OS error code 116: Stale NFS file handle"
"OS error code 117: Structure needs cleaning"
"OS error code 118: Not a XENIX named type file"
"OS error code 119: No XENIX semaphores available"
"OS error code 120: Is a named type file"
"OS error code 121: Remote I/O error"
"OS error code 122: Disk quota exceeded"
"OS error code 123: No medium found"
"OS error code 124: Wrong medium type"
"OS error code 125: Operation canceled"
"OS error code 126: Required key not available"
"OS error code 127: Key has expired"
"OS error code 128: Key has been revoked"
"OS error code 129: Key was rejected by service"
"OS error code 130: Owner died"
"OS error code 131: State not recoverable"
"MySQL error code 132: Old database file"
"MySQL error code 133: No record read before update"
"MySQL error code 134: Record was already deleted (or record file crashed)"
"MySQL error code 135: No more room in record file"
"MySQL error code 136: No more room in index file"
"MySQL error code 137: No more records (read after end of file)"
"MySQL error code 138: Unsupported extension used for table"
"MySQL error code 139: Too big row"
"MySQL error code 140: Wrong create options"
"MySQL error code 141: Duplicate unique key or constraint on write or update"
"MySQL error code 142: Unknown character set used"
"MySQL error code 143: Conflicting table definitions in sub-tables of MERGE table"
"MySQL error code 144: Table is crashed and last repair failed"
"MySQL error code 145: Table was marked as crashed and should be repaired"
"MySQL error code 146: Lock timed out; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 147: Lock table is full; Restart program with a larger locktable"
"MySQL error code 148: Updates are not allowed under a read only transactions"
"MySQL error code 149: Lock deadlock; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 150: Foreign key constraint is incorrectly formed"
"MySQL error code 151: Cannot add a child row"
"MySQL error code 152: Cannot delete a parent row"