数据库安装与配置
文章目录
一. 关系型数据库
1. 数据库模型：
1.1 层次模型
1.2 网状结构
1.3 关系模型
- 二维关系：行（row）和列（column）
1.4 数据库管理系统：DBMS（DataBase Management System）
- 数据库管理系统：一台安装的数据库软件的主机
二. RDBMS专业名词
1.1 关系型数据库管理系统：RDBMS（Relational DataBase Management System）
- MySQL：MySQL（5.7），MariaDB（10.0之后），Percona-Server
- PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
- Oracle
- MSSQL：MicroSoft ，SQLServer
- redis，memcache 缓存
- mongdb
- SQLite，数据库的文件
1.2 SQL （Structure Query Language）结构化查询语言
结构化数据：数据库存放的数据
半结构化数据：文本文件
非结构化数据：图片，视频
1.3 约束（constraint）：向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
表由行和列组成 记录：（行） 条 字段：（列） 个
-
主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行，提供数据，不能为空
- 一个表只能存在一个
-
惟一键约束：个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行，允许为空
- 一个表可以存在多个
-
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
-
检查性约束
1.4 索引：（优化数据库）将表中的字段中的数据复制一份另存到虚拟表，并且进行特定的顺序排序存放，以便于快速查找
2. 关系型数据库的常用组件
- 数据库：database
- 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
- 用户：user
- 权限：privilege
- 索引：index
- 视图：view
- 存储过程：procedure
- 存储函数：function
- 触发器：trigger
- 事件调度器：event scheduler
3. SQL语句
3.1 DDL：（Data Defination Language）数据定义语言
针对数据库，表，用户，索引，视图，存储过程，存储函数，触发器，事件调度器
- CREATE：创建 create，创建表的结构
- DROP：删除 drop
- ALTER：修改 alter
3.2 DML：（Data Manipulation Language）数据操纵语言
针对表，增删改查
- INSERT：向表中插入数据 insert
- DELETE：删除表中数据 delete
- UPDATE：更新表中数据 update
- SELECT：查询表中数据 select
3.3 DCL：（Data Control Language）数据控制语言
- GRANT：授权 grant
- REVOKE：移除授权 revoke
三. MySQL的安装与配置
1. 数据库安装方式
- 源码安装：编译安装
- 二进制格式的程序包，展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
- 程序包管理器的程序包（yum或者rpm）
2.下载并安装mysql
[root@SYL4 ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@SYL4 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@SYL4 ~]# yum list all|grep mysql57-community
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
[root@SYL4 ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying... ################################# [100%]
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:mysql57-community-release-el7-10 ################################# [100%]
[root@SYL4 ~]#
2.1 MySQL源网址
2.2 下载MySQL源
[root@SYL4 ~]# wget https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
2.3 安装mysql源
[root@SYL4 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@SYL4 ~]# yum -y install *.rpm
3. 配置MySQL
3.1 启动并设置开机自动启动
[root@SYL4 ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@SYL4 ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enab>
Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-04-18 17:31:04 CST; >
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
Process: 135835 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid->
Process: 135442 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (cod>
Main PID: 135837 (mysqld)
Tasks: 27 (limit: 11216)
Memory: 301.1M
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─135837 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/va>
Apr 18 17:30:58 SYL4 systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Apr 18 17:31:04 SYL4 systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
3.2 确定MySQL端口是否监听
[root@SYL4 ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:PortProcess
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
[root@SYL4 ~]#
3.3 设置密码
3.3.1 找出临时密码
[root@SYL4 ~]# grep 'password' /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-04-18T09:31:00.145440Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 3W(phUO)_a0z
3.3.2 设置密码
[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'3W(phUO)_a0z'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set password = password('Run123456!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
3.3.3 重新登录
[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Run123456!';
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@SYL4 ~]#
-
为避免mysql自动升级，这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
-
[root@SYL4 ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
4. mysql的程序组成
- 客户端
mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
mysqldump：mysql备份工具
mysqladmin：管理 - 服务器端
mysqld
5. 配置MySqL的权限
虚拟机的权限
| 主机ip | 服务器ip | 客户机ip |
|---|---|---|
| 192.168.232.1 | 192.168.232.132 | 192.168.232.129 |
5.1 设置权限，与Navicat的连接
mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.232.1' IDENTIFIED B
Y 'Run123456!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.13 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)
- 关闭防火墙
[root@SYL4 ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@SYL4 ~]# setenforce 0
[root@SYL4 ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config
[root@SYL4 ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config |grep SELINUX
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
[root@SYL4 ~]#
- 与Navicat的连接
5.2 与客户机的连接
-
设置权限
-
mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.232.129' IDENTIFIED BY 'Run123456!'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.18 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec) -
与客户机的连接
-
[root@SYL2 ~]# ip a 2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:ce:9c:21 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.232.129/24 brd 192.168.232.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fece:9c21/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever //客户机第二台虚拟机 [root@SYL2 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Run123456!' -h192.168.232.132 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 16 Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> quit
6. mysql工具的使用
-uUSERNAME //指定用户名，默认为root
-hHOST //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
-V //查看当前使用的mysql版本
-e //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
- 查看当前使用的mysql版本
[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -V
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.37, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
[root@SYL4 ~]#
- 显示数据库
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.30 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@SYL4 ~]#
- 不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出
[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Run123456!' -e 'SHOW DATABASES';
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@SYL4 ~]#
- 不显示输入的密码-p -e
[root@SYL4 ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e 'SHOW DATABASES';
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@SYL4 ~]#