【Python入门系列】第八篇：Python中GUI编程和图形界面设计

文章目录

前言
一、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单使用
二、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库实现计算器
三、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单QQ聊天
四、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库贪吃蛇游戏
- 1、Tkinter实现贪吃蛇游戏
- 2、PyQt实现贪吃蛇游戏
总结

前言

Python中的GUI编程是指使用Python语言创建图形用户界面（GUI）的过程。通过GUI，用户可以与程序进行交互，通过按钮、菜单、文本框等控件来操作程序。

Python提供了多个库和框架来实现GUI编程，其中最常用的是Tkinter、wxPython、PyQt和PyGTK等。这些库提供了丰富的控件和功能，使开发者能够轻松地创建各种类型的图形界面。

在GUI编程中，通常使用窗口（Window）作为程序的主要界面。可以在窗口中添加各种控件，如按钮、标签、文本框、复选框等，用于与用户进行交互。通过事件处理机制，可以对用户的操作进行响应，执行相应的函数或方法。

图形界面设计是指创建具有良好用户体验的界面。在设计过程中，需要考虑界面布局、颜色搭配、控件的摆放位置等因素，以确保用户能够方便地使用程序。

一、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单使用

1、Tkinter简单使用

Tkinter 是 Python 中常用的 GUI 编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是 Tkinter 的简单使用说明：

导入 Tkinter 模块：

import tkinter as tk

创建主窗口：

root = tk.Tk()

添加控件：
可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：

label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!")
   button = tk.Button(root, text="Click me!")

布局控件：
使用网格布局（grid）或包装布局（pack）来安排控件的位置。例如，使用网格布局将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：

label.grid(row=0, column=0)
   button.grid(row=1, column=0)

运行主循环：

root.mainloop()

完整代码：

import tkinter as tk

# 创建主窗口
window = tk.Tk()
window.title("GUI编程示例")

# 创建标签
label = tk.Label(window, text="欢迎来到GUI编程！", font=("Arial", 16))
label.pack()

# 创建按钮
button = tk.Button(window, text="点击我！", command=lambda: print("你点击了按钮！"))
button.pack()

# 运行主循环
window.mainloop()

2、PyQt简单使用

PyQt 是 Python 中常用的 GUI 编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是 PyQt 的简单使用说明：

导入 PyQt 模块：

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

创建应用程序对象：

app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])

创建主窗口：

window = QtWidgets.QMainWindow()

添加控件：
可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：

label = QtWidgets.QLabel("Hello, PyQt!")
   button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Click me!")

设置布局：
使用布局管理器来安排控件的位置和大小。常用的布局管理器有 QVBoxLayout、QHBoxLayout、QGridLayout 等。例如，使用 QVBoxLayout 将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：

layout = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()
   layout.addWidget(label)
   layout.addWidget(button)

将布局设置给主窗口：

central_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget()
   central_widget.setLayout(layout)
   window.setCentralWidget(central_widget)

显示窗口：

window.show()

运行应用程序的主循环：

app.exec_()

完整代码：

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

# 创建应用程序
app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])

# 创建主窗口
window = QtWidgets.QWidget()
window.setWindowTitle("GUI编程示例")

# 创建标签
label = QtWidgets.QLabel("欢迎来到GUI编程！")
label.setFont(QtWidgets.QFont("Arial", 16))

# 创建按钮
button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("点击我！")
button.clicked.connect(lambda: print("你点击了按钮！"))

# 创建布局
layout = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()
layout.addWidget(label)
layout.addWidget(button)

# 设置主窗口布局
window.setLayout(layout)

# 显示主窗口
window.show()

# 运行应用程序
app.exec_()

3、wxPython简单使用

wxPython 是 Python 中常用的 GUI 编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是 wxPython 的简单使用说明：

导入 wxPython 模块：

import wx

创建应用程序对象：

app = wx.App()

创建顶级窗口：

frame = wx.Frame(None, title="Hello, wxPython!")

添加控件：
可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：

panel = wx.Panel(frame)
   label = wx.StaticText(panel, label="Hello, wxPython!")
   button = wx.Button(panel, label="Click me!")

设置布局：
使用布局管理器来安排控件的位置和大小。常用的布局管理器有 BoxSizer、GridSizer、FlexGridSizer 等。例如，使用 BoxSizer 将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：

sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
   sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.ALL, 10)
   sizer.Add(button, 0, wx.ALL, 10)
   panel.SetSizer(sizer)

显示窗口：

frame.Show()

运行应用程序的主循环：

app.MainLoop()

完整代码：

import wx

# 创建应用程序
app = wx.App()

# 创建主窗口
frame = wx.Frame(None, title="GUI编程示例")

# 创建面板
panel = wx.Panel(frame)

# 创建标签
label = wx.StaticText(panel, label="欢迎来到GUI编程！", pos=(50, 50))
label.SetFont(wx.Font(16, wx.FONTFAMILY_DEFAULT, wx.FONTSTYLE_NORMAL, wx.FONTWEIGHT_NORMAL))

# 创建按钮
button = wx.Button(panel, label="点击我！", pos=(50, 100))
button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, lambda event: print("你点击了按钮！"))

# 显示主窗口
frame.Show()

# 运行应用程序
app.MainLoop()

二、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库实现计算器

1、Tkinter实现计算器

import tkinter as tk

def calculate():
    expression = entry.get()
    try:
        result = eval(expression)
        result_label.config(text="结果： " + str(result))
    except:
        result_label.config(text="无效的表达式")

def clear():
    entry.delete(0, tk.END)
    result_label.config(text="结果：")

window = tk.Tk()
window.title("复杂计算器")

entry = tk.Entry(window, width=30)
entry.pack()

button_frame = tk.Frame(window)
button_frame.pack()

calculate_button = tk.Button(button_frame, text="计算", command=calculate)
calculate_button.grid(row=0, column=0)

clear_button = tk.Button(button_frame, text="清除", command=clear)
clear_button.grid(row=0, column=1)

result_label = tk.Label(window, text="结果：")
result_label.pack()

window.mainloop()

2、PyQt实现计算器

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

class Calculator(QtWidgets.QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.setWindowTitle("复杂计算器")
        self.layout = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()
        self.entry = QtWidgets.QLineEdit()
        self.layout.addWidget(self.entry)

        button_frame = QtWidgets.QWidget()
        button_layout = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(button_frame)
        self.layout.addWidget(button_frame)

        calculate_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("计算")
        calculate_button.clicked.connect(self.calculate)
        button_layout.addWidget(calculate_button)

        clear_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("清除")
        clear_button.clicked.connect(self.clear)
        button_layout.addWidget(clear_button)

        self.result_label = QtWidgets.QLabel("结果：")
        self.layout.addWidget(self.result_label)

        self.setLayout(self.layout)

    def calculate(self):
        expression = self.entry.text()
        try:
            result = eval(expression)
            self.result_label.setText("结果： " + str(result))
        except:
            self.result_label.setText("无效的表达式")

    def clear(self):
        self.entry.clear()
        self.result_label.setText("结果：")

app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
calculator = Calculator()
calculator.show()
app.exec_()

3、wxPython实现计算器

import wx

class CalculatorFrame(wx.Frame):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(parent=None, title="复杂计算器")
        self.panel = wx.Panel(self)
        self.entry = wx.TextCtrl(self.panel)
        self.calculate_button = wx.Button(self.panel, label="计算")
        self.clear_button = wx.Button(self.panel, label="清除")
        self.result_label = wx.StaticText(self.panel, label="结果：")

        self.calculate_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.calculate)
        self.clear_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.clear)

        sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
        sizer.Add(self.entry, proportion=1, flag=wx.EXPAND)
        sizer.Add(self.calculate_button, flag=wx.EXPAND)
        sizer.Add(self.clear_button, flag=wx.EXPAND)
        sizer.Add(self.result_label, flag=wx.EXPAND)

        self.panel.SetSizer(sizer)

    def calculate(self, event):
        expression = self.entry.GetValue()
        try:
            result = eval(expression)
            self.result_label.SetLabel("结果： " + str(result))
        except:
            self.result_label.SetLabel("无效的表达式")

    def clear(self, event):
        self.entry.Clear()
        self.result_label.SetLabel("结果：")

app = wx.App()
frame = CalculatorFrame()
frame.Show()
app.MainLoop()

三、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单QQ聊天

1、Tkinter实现QQ聊天

import tkinter as tk

def send_message():
    message = entry.get()
    # 发送消息的逻辑处理
    print("发送消息:", message)
    entry.delete(0, tk.END)

window = tk.Tk()
window.title("QQ聊天系统")
window.geometry("400x300")

message_box = tk.Text(window)
message_box.pack(pady=10)

entry = tk.Entry(window)
entry.pack(pady=10)

send_button = tk.Button(window, text="发送", command=send_message)
send_button.pack()

window.mainloop()

2、PyQt实现QQ聊天

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

def send_message():
    message = entry.text()
    # 发送消息的逻辑处理
    print("发送消息:", message)
    entry.clear()

app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
window = QtWidgets.QWidget()
window.setWindowTitle("QQ聊天系统")
window.setGeometry(100, 100, 400, 300)

message_box = QtWidgets.QTextEdit(window)
message_box.setGeometry(10, 10, 380, 200)

entry = QtWidgets.QLineEdit(window)
entry.setGeometry(10, 220, 300, 30)

send_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton(window, text="发送")
send_button.setGeometry(320, 220, 60, 30)
send_button.clicked.connect(send_message)

window.show()
app.exec_()

3、wxPython实现QQ聊天

import wx

class ChatWindow(wx.Frame):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(None, title="QQ聊天系统", size=(400, 300))
        panel = wx.Panel(self)
        sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
        
        self.message_box = wx.TextCtrl(panel, style=wx.TE_MULTILINE)
        sizer.Add(self.message_box, 1, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL, 10)
        
        self.entry = wx.TextCtrl(panel)
        sizer.Add(self.entry, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL, 10)
        
        send_button = wx.Button(panel, label="发送")
        sizer.Add(send_button, 0, wx.ALIGN_CENTER | wx.ALL, 10)
        send_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.send_message)
        
        panel.SetSizer(sizer)
        self.Show()

    def send_message(self, event):
        message = self.entry.GetValue()
        # 发送消息的逻辑处理
        print("发送消息:", message)
        self.entry.Clear()

app = wx.App()
ChatWindow()
app.MainLoop()

四、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库贪吃蛇游戏

1、Tkinter实现贪吃蛇游戏

import tkinter as tk
import random

WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
DELAY = 100
DOT_SIZE = 20

class SnakeGame(tk.Canvas):
    def __init__(self, master):
        super().__init__(master, width=WIDTH, height=HEIGHT, background="black")
        
        self.snake = [(100, 100), (80, 100), (60, 100)]
        self.direction = "Right"
        self.food = self.create_food()
        self.score = 0
        
        self.bind_all("<Key>", self.on_key_press)
        self.pack()
        
        self.after(DELAY, self.move_snake)
    
    def create_food(self):
        x = random.randint(1, (WIDTH-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
        y = random.randint(1, (HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
        return self.create_oval(x, y, x+DOT_SIZE, y+DOT_SIZE, fill="white")
    
    def move_snake(self):
        head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
        
        if self.direction == "Right":
            new_head = (head_x + DOT_SIZE, head_y)
        elif self.direction == "Left":
            new_head = (head_x - DOT_SIZE, head_y)
        elif self.direction == "Up":
            new_head = (head_x, head_y - DOT_SIZE)
        else:
            new_head = (head_x, head_y + DOT_SIZE)
        
        self.snake.insert(0, new_head)
        
        if self.check_collision():
            self.game_over()
        else:
            self.delete(self.snake[-1])
            if self.snake[0] == self.food:
                self.score += 1
                self.create_food()
            else:
                self.snake.pop()
            
            for x, y in self.snake:
                self.create_rectangle(x, y, x+DOT_SIZE, y+DOT_SIZE, fill="green")
            
            self.after(DELAY, self.move_snake)
    
    def check_collision(self):
        head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
        return (
            head_x < 0 or
            head_x >= WIDTH or
            head_y < 0 or
            head_y >= HEIGHT or
            (head_x, head_y) in self.snake[1:]
        )
    
    def game_over(self):
        self.delete(tk.ALL)
        self.create_text(
            WIDTH/2, HEIGHT/2,
            text=f"Game Over! Score: {self.score}",
            fill="white",
            font=("Arial", 20),
        )
    
    def on_key_press(self, event):
        key = event.keysym
        if key == "Right" and self.direction != "Left":
            self.direction = "Right"
        elif key == "Left" and self.direction != "Right":
            self.direction = "Left"
        elif key == "Up" and self.direction != "Down":
            self.direction = "Up"
        elif key == "Down" and self.direction != "Up":
            self.direction = "Down"

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Snake Game")
snake_game = SnakeGame(root)
root.mainloop()

2、PyQt实现贪吃蛇游戏

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets, QtCore, QtGui
import random
WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
DELAY = 100
DOT_SIZE = 20

class SnakeGame(QtWidgets.QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.snake = [(100, 100), (80, 100), (60, 100)]
        self.direction = "Right"
        self.food = self.create_food()
        self.score = 0

        self.timer = QtCore.QTimer(self)
        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.move_snake)
        self.timer.start(DELAY)

        self.setWindowTitle("贪吃蛇游戏")
        self.setGeometry(100, 100, WIDTH, HEIGHT)
        self.show()

    def paintEvent(self, event):
        qp = QtGui.QPainter()
        qp.begin(self)
        self.draw_snake(qp)
        self.draw_food(qp)
        qp.end()

    def draw_snake(self, qp):
        qp.setBrush(QtGui.QColor(0, 255, 0))
        for x, y in self.snake:
            qp.drawRect(x, y, DOT_SIZE, DOT_SIZE)

    def draw_food(self, qp):
        qp.setBrush(QtGui.QColor(255, 255, 255))
        qp.drawEllipse(*self.food, DOT_SIZE, DOT_SIZE)

    def create_food(self):
        x = random.randint(1, (WIDTH-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
        y = random.randint(1, (HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
        return (x, y)

    def move_snake(self):
        head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]

        if self.direction == "Right":
            new_head = (head_x + DOT_SIZE, head_y)
        elif self.direction == "Left":
            new_head = (head_x - DOT_SIZE, head_y)
        elif self.direction == "Up":
            new_head = (head_x, head_y - DOT_SIZE)
        else:
            new_head = (head_x, head_y + DOT_SIZE)

        self.snake.insert(0, new_head)

        if self.check_collision():
            self.game_over()
        else:
            self.snake.pop()

            if self.snake[0] == self.food:
                self.score += 1
                self.create_food()

        self.update()

    def check_collision(self):
        head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
        return (
            head_x < 0 or
            head_x >= WIDTH or
            head_y < 0 or
            head_y >= HEIGHT or
            (head_x, head_y) in self.snake[1:]
        )

    def game_over(self):
        self.timer.stop()
        QtWidgets.QMessageBox.information(self, "游戏结束", f"游戏结束！得分: {self.score}")

    def keyPressEvent(self, event):
        key = event.key()

        if key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Right and self.direction != "Left":
            self.direction = "Right"
        elif key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Left and self.direction != "Right":
            self.direction = "Left"
        elif key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Up and self.direction != "Down":
            self.direction = "Up"
        elif key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Down and self.direction != "Up":
            self.direction = "Down"

app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
snake_game = SnakeGame()
app.exec_()```


##  3、wxPython实现贪吃蛇游戏
```csharp
import wx
import random

WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
DELAY = 100
DOT_SIZE = 20

class SnakeGame(wx.Frame):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(None, title="贪吃蛇游戏", size=(WIDTH, HEIGHT))
        
        self.snake = [(100, 100), (80, 100), (60, 100)]
        self.direction = "Right"
        self.food = self.create_food()
        self.score = 0
        
        self.timer = wx.Timer(self)
        self.Bind(wx.EVT_TIMER, self.move_snake, self.timer)
        self.timer.Start(DELAY)
        
        self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.on_paint)
        self.Bind(wx.EVT_KEY_DOWN, self.on_key_down)
        
        self.Centre()
        self.Show()
    
    def on_paint(self, event):
        dc = wx.PaintDC(self)
        self.draw_snake(dc)
        self.draw_food(dc)
    
    def draw_snake(self, dc):
        dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(wx.Colour(0, 255, 0)))
        for x, y in self.snake:
            dc.DrawRectangle(x, y, DOT_SIZE, DOT_SIZE)
    
    def draw_food(self, dc):
        dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(wx.Colour(255, 255, 255)))
        dc.DrawCircle(*self.food, DOT_SIZE//2)
    
    def create_food(self):
        x = random.randint(1, (WIDTH-DOT_SIZE) // DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
        y = random.randint(1, (HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE) // DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
        return (x, y)
    
    def move_snake(self, event):
        head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
        
        if self.direction == "Right":
            new_head = (head_x + DOT_SIZE, head_y)
        elif self.direction == "Left":
            new_head = (head_x - DOT_SIZE, head_y)
        elif self.direction == "Up":
            new_head = (head_x, head_y - DOT_SIZE)
        else:
            new_head = (head_x, head_y + DOT_SIZE)
        
        self.snake.insert(0, new_head)
        
        if self.check_collision():
            self.game_over()
        else:
            self.snake.pop()
            
            if self.snake[0] == self.food:
                self.score += 1
                self.food = self.create_food()
        
        self.Refresh()
    
    def check_collision(self):
        head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
        return (
            head_x < 0 or
            head_x >= WIDTH or
            head_y < 0 or
            head_y >= HEIGHT or
            (head_x, head_y) in self.snake[1:]
        )
    
    def game_over(self):
        self.timer.Stop()
        wx.MessageBox(f"游戏结束！得分: {self.score}", "游戏结束")
        self.Close()
    
    def on_key_down(self, event):
        key_code = event.GetKeyCode()
        
        if key_code == wx.WXK_RIGHT and self.direction != "Left":
            self.direction = "Right"
        elif key_code == wx.WXK_LEFT and self.direction != "Right":
            self.direction = "Left"
        elif key_code == wx.WXK_UP and self.direction != "Down":
            self.direction = "Up"
        elif key_code == wx.WXK_DOWN and self.direction != "Up":
            self.direction = "Down"

app = wx.App()
SnakeGame()
app.MainLoop()

总结

Python的GUI编程和图形界面设计相对简单易学，适用于各种应用程序的开发，包括桌面应用、游戏、数据可视化等。通过使用Python的GUI编程，开发者可以快速地创建功能强大、用户友好的图形界面应用程序。