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MySQL表的增删查改

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MySQL表的增删查改

CRUD:Create(创建),Retrieve(检索),Update(更新),Delete(删除)
注意:下面有些MySQL语句可能会带有有->,使用时候需要删除!

1、Create(创建)

语法:

insert [into] table 表名[(字段名1,字段名2...)] values(对应的字段的值);

案例:先创建students表。

mysql> create table students(
   -> id int unsigned primary key auto_increment,
   -> sn int not null unique comment '学号',
   -> name varchar(20) not null,
   -> qq varchar(20)
   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)

mysql> 

1.1、单行数据全列插入

mysql> insert into students values(1,11,'xp','1234');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> insert students(sn,name,qq) values(22,'xxp','3456');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  2 | 22 | xxp  | 3456 |
+----+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

可以看到插入第二条数据的时候,并没有指定id,这里就用到了之前的auto_increment关键字,自增。


1.2、多行数据指定列插入

mysql> insert into students(sn,name) values
   -> (33,'xxxp'),
   -> (44,'xpp');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  2 | 22 | xxp  | 3456 |
|  3 | 33 | xxxp | NULL |
|  4 | 44 | xpp  | NULL |
+----+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

需要注意的是,不管是全列插入还是指定列插入,values的所填值一定要和前面指定列的顺序一致


1.3、插入更新(update)

我们在对主键或者唯一键插入重复值的时候会报错。

mysql> insert into students(sn,name) values (33,'zz');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '33' for key 'sn'
mysql> insert into students(id,sn,name) values (4,55,'zzz');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '4' for key 'PRIMARY'
mysql> 

如果我们想让新插入的值覆盖之前的值,可以使用update关键字。

语法:

insert [into] table 表名[(字段名1,字段名2...)] values(对应的字段的值) on duplicate key update 字段名1=该字段值,字段名2=该字段值..;

注意,更新值以update后面的值为准。

mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  2 | 22 | xxp  | 3456 |
|  3 | 33 | xxxp | NULL |
|  4 | 44 | xpp  | NULL |
+----+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into students(id,sn,name) values (4,55,'zzz') on duplicate key update id=4,sn=55,name='zzz';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  2 | 22 | xxp  | 3456 |
|  3 | 33 | xxxp | NULL |
|  4 | 55 | zzz  | NULL |
+----+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into students(id,sn,name) values (5,22,'zz') on duplicate key update id=6,sn=66,name='zzzz';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  3 | 33 | xxxp | NULL |
|  4 | 55 | zzz  | NULL |
|  6 | 66 | zzzz | 3456 |
+----+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

可以看到第一次update的时候,id重复了,那更新后对应的内容除了id都换成新的了。

第一次update的时候,sn重复了,那更新后对应的所有内容换成新的了(因为update后面的数据全换了)。

-- 0 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,但冲突数据的值和 update 的值相等
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据,数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,并且数据已经被更新

使用select row_count();可以查看受影响的行数。

select row_count();
+-------------+
| row_count() |
+-------------+
|          	2 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> ;

1.4、替换(replace)

语法:

repalce [into] 表名[(字段名1,字段名2...)] values(对应的字段的值);

效果和update差不多,但是用法比update简单。

-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据,数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,则删除后再插入
mysql> replace students(id,sn,name,qq) values(6,22,'xx','6789');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  3 | 33 | xxxp | NULL |
|  4 | 55 | zzz  | NULL |
|  6 | 22 | xx   | 6789 |
+----+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

2、Retrieve(检索)

主要就是select语法。

语法:

select [distinct] {* 或者 字段名1,字段名2...} from 表名 [where ...] [order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc]] [limit ...];

其中distinct关键字是用来去重的,*表示全列查询,字段名1,字段名2…表示指定列查询,where关键字是用来筛选的,order by 是用来排序的,默认是升序(asc),降序是desc,limit是显示内容条数。

案例:

mysql> create table exam_result(
   -> id int unsigned primary key auto_increment,
   -> name varchar(20) not null comment '姓名',
   -> chinese float default 0.0 comment '语文成绩',
   -> math float default 0.0 comment '数学成绩',
   -> english float default 0.0 comment "英语成绩"
   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> insert into exam_result(name,chinese,math,english) values
   -> ('唐三藏', 67, 98, 56),
   -> ('孙悟空', 87, 78, 77),
   -> ('猪悟能', 88, 98, 90),
   -> ('曹孟德', 82, 84, 67),
   -> ('刘玄德', 55, 85, 45),
   -> ('孙权', 70, 73, 78),
   -> ('宋公明', 75, 65, 30);
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 7  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> 

2.1、select列

2.1.1、全列查询
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |      67 |   98 |      56 |
|  2 | 孙悟空    |      87 |   78 |      77 |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |      88 |   98 |      90 |
|  4 | 曹孟德    |      82 |   84 |      67 |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |      55 |   85 |      45 |
|  6 | 孙权      |      70 |   73 |      78 |
|  7 | 宋公明    |      75 |   65 |      30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

通常情况下不建议使用 * 进行全列查询!原因如下:

  1. 查询的列越多,意味着需要传输的数据量越大;

  2. 可能会影响到索引的使用。(索引待后面博客讲解)


2.1.2、指定列查询
mysql> select id,name from exam_result;
+----+-----------+
| id | name      |
+----+-----------+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |
|  2 | 孙悟空    |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |
|  4 | 曹孟德    |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |
|  6 | 孙权      |
|  7 | 宋公明    |
+----+-----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

可以看到,只查询出来了id和name。


2.1.3、查询字段为表达式
mysql> select id,name,1+1 from exam_result;
+----+-----------+-----+
| id | name      | 1+1 |
+----+-----------+-----+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |   2 |
|  2 | 孙悟空    |   2 |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |   2 |
|  4 | 曹孟德    |   2 |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |   2 |
|  6 | 孙权      |   2 |
|  7 | 宋公明    |   2 |
+----+-----------+-----+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

也就是说,select是可以进行计算的。

mysql> select 1*1999,1999/2;
+--------+----------+
| 1*1999 | 1999/2   |
+--------+----------+
|   1999 | 999.5000 |
+--------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

因此我们可以对查询出的结果进行计算。

mysql> select id,name,english+10,math+10,english+math from exam_result;
+----+-----------+------------+---------+--------------+
| id | name      | english+10 | math+10 | english+math |
+----+-----------+------------+---------+--------------+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |         66 |     108 |          154 |
|  2 | 孙悟空    |         87 |      88 |          155 |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |        100 |     108 |          188 |
|  4 | 曹孟德    |         77 |      94 |          151 |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |         55 |      95 |          130 |
|  6 | 孙权      |         88 |      83 |          151 |
|  7 | 宋公明    |         40 |      75 |           95 |
+----+-----------+------------+---------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

2.1.4、给查询结果指定别名

语法:

select 字段名 [as] 别名 from 表名;

比如给name指定别名为名字,math指定别名为数学。

mysql> select id,name 名字,math as 数学,english from exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------+---------+
| id | 名字      | 数学   | english |
+----+-----------+--------+---------+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |     98 |      56 |
|  2 | 孙悟空    |     78 |      77 |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |     98 |      90 |
|  4 | 曹孟德    |     84 |      67 |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |     85 |      45 |
|  6 | 孙权      |     73 |      78 |
|  7 | 宋公明    |     65 |      30 |
+----+-----------+--------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

2.1.5、结果去重(distinct)

使用关键字distinct。

这里数学成绩有重复分数。

mysql> select math from exam_result;
+------+
| math |
+------+
|   98 |
|   78 |
|   98 |
|   84 |
|   85 |
|   73 |
|   65 |
+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select distinct math from exam_result;
+------+
| math |
+------+
|   98 |
|   78 |
|   84 |
|   85 |
|   73 |
|   65 |
+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

2.2、where条件

where是用来筛选满足条件的数据。

语法:

select [distinct] {* 或者 字段名1,字段名2...} from 表名 where ... [order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc]] [limit ...];

比较运算符

运算符说明
=等于,NULL 不安全,例如 NULL = NULL 的结果是 NULL
<>不等于
>大于
<小于
>=大于等于
<=小于等于
BETWEEN ... AND ...在某个范围内
LIKE模糊匹配,用于字符串匹配,%表示任意多个字符,_只能是一个字符
IN在指定的多个值中
IS NULL值为NULL
IS NOT NULL值不为NULL
<=>等于,NULL 安全,例如 NULL <=> NULL 的结果是 TRUE(1)

逻辑运算符

运算符说明
AND且,所有条件都为真时返回真
OR或,任一条件为真时返回真
NOT非,将条件结果取反

2.2.1、英语成绩<60 的同学及英语成绩
mysql> select name,english from exam_result where english<60;
+-----------+---------+
| name      | english |
+-----------+---------+
| 唐三藏    |      56 |
| 刘玄德    |      45 |
| 宋公明    |      30 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

2.2.2、语文成绩在 80到90分 的同学及语文成绩

可以使用between and,也可以使用and。

mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result where chinese>=80 and chinese <=90;
+-----------+---------+
| name      | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 孙悟空    |      87 |
| 猪悟能    |      88 |
| 曹孟德    |      82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result where chinese between 80 and 90;
+-----------+---------+
| name      | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 孙悟空    |      87 |
| 猪悟能    |      88 |
| 曹孟德    |      82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

可以看到两种方式查询的结果是一样的。


2.2.3、数学成绩是 58 或者 59 或者 98 或者 99分 的同学及数学成绩

可以使用or,也可以使用in

mysql> select name,math from exam_result where math=58 or math=59 or math=98 or
math= 99;
+-----------+------+
| name      | math |
+-----------+------+
| 唐三藏    |   98 |
| 猪悟能    |   98 |
+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name,math from exam_result where math in(58,59,98,99);
+-----------+------+
| name      | math |
+-----------+------+
| 唐三藏    |   98 |
| 猪悟能    |   98 |
+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> 

可以看到查出的结果是一样的,但是明显in更好用。


2.3.4、姓孙的同学及孙某同学

查询姓孙的同学,也就是可以是孙某,也可以是孙某某。

查询孙某同学,只能是两个字的。

mysql> select name from exam_result where name like '孙%';
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| 孙悟空    |
| 孙权      |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name  from exam_result where name like '孙_';
+--------+
| name   |
+--------+
| 孙权   |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

可以看到_是严格匹配一个字符的。


2.3.5、语文成绩好于英语成绩 的同学及语文和英语成绩
mysql> select name,chinese,english from exam_result where chinese > english;
+-----------+---------+---------+
| name      | chinese | english |
+-----------+---------+---------+
| 唐三藏    |      67 |      56 |
| 孙悟空    |      87 |      77 |
| 曹孟德    |      82 |      67 |
| 刘玄德    |      55 |      45 |
| 宋公明    |      75 |      30 |
+-----------+---------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

2.3.6、总成绩在200分以下 的同学及总成绩
mysql> select name,chinese+math+english 总成绩 from exam_result where chinese+math+english<200;
+-----------+-----------+
| name      | 总成绩    |
+-----------+-----------+
| 刘玄德    |       185 |
| 宋公明    |       170 |
+-----------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

注意:

  1. where 条件中使用表达式
  2. 别名不能用在 where 条件中

原因:因为语句执行顺序是先where再select。也就是先挑出来符合要求的数据,再进行后续的处理(查询)。


2.3.7、语文成绩>80分 且 不姓孙的同学及语文成绩
mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result where chinese>80 and name not like '
孙%';
+-----------+---------+
| name      | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 猪悟能    |      88 |
| 曹孟德    |      82 |
+-----------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

2.3.8、要求是孙某同学 或者 要求总成绩>200 并且 语文成绩<数学成绩 并且 英语成绩>80
mysql> select *,chinese+math+english 总分 from exam_result where name like '孙_' or (chinese+math+english > 200 and chinese < math and english > 80);
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+--------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english | 总分   |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+--------+
|  3 | 猪悟能    |      88 |   98 |      90 |    276 |
|  6 | 孙权      |      70 |   73 |      78 |    221 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

2.3.9、null的查询
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  3 | 33 | xxxp | NULL |
|  4 | 55 | zzz  | NULL |
|  6 | 22 | xx   | 6789 |
+----+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name,qq from students where qq is not null;
+------+------+
| name | qq   |
+------+------+
| xp   | 1234 |
| xx   | 6789 |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

null是不参与计算的。

mysql> select null+1;
+--------+
| null+1 |
+--------+
|   NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select null+null;
+-----------+
| null+null |
+-----------+
|      NULL |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

null只参加使用<=>的比较,=是查询不出结果的。

mysql> select null <=> null;
+---------------+
| null <=> null |
+---------------+
|             1 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select null <=> 1;
+------------+
| null <=> 1 |
+------------+
|          0 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select null = null;
+-------------+
| null = null |
+-------------+
|        NULL |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

2.3、结果排序

语法:

select [distinct] {* 或者 字段名1,字段名2...} from 表名 [where ...] order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc] [limit ...];
-- asc表示升序,desc表示降序,不加这个关键字默认升序

注意:没有 ORDER BY 子句的查询,返回的顺序是未定义的,永远不要依赖这个顺序


2.3.1、同学及语文成绩,按语文成绩升序
mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result order by chinese asc;
+-----------+---------+
| name      | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 刘玄德    |      55 |
| 唐三藏    |      67 |
| 孙权      |      70 |
| 宋公明    |      75 |
| 曹孟德    |      82 |
| 孙悟空    |      87 |
| 猪悟能    |      88 |
+-----------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.02 sec)

mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result order by chinese;
+-----------+---------+
| name      | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 刘玄德    |      55 |
| 唐三藏    |      67 |
| 孙权      |      70 |
| 宋公明    |      75 |
| 曹孟德    |      82 |
| 孙悟空    |      87 |
| 猪悟能    |      88 |
+-----------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

可以看到,order by后默认是升序的。


2.3.2、同学及qq号,按qq号升序
mysql> select name,qq from students order by qq asc;
+------+------+
| name | qq   |
+------+------+
| xxxp | NULL |
| zzz  | NULL |
| xp   | 1234 |
| xx   | 6789 |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

注意:NULL视为比任何值都小。


2.3.3、查询同学各门成绩,依次按数学降序,英语升序,语文升序
mysql> select * from exam_result order by math desc,english asc,chinese asc;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |      67 |   98 |      56 |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |      88 |   98 |      90 |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |      55 |   85 |      45 |
|  4 | 曹孟德    |      82 |   84 |      67 |
|  2 | 孙悟空    |      87 |   78 |      77 |
|  6 | 孙权      |      70 |   73 |      78 |
|  7 | 宋公明    |      75 |   65 |      30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

2.3.4、查询同学及总分由高到低
mysql> select name,chinese+math+english 总分 from exam_result order by chinese+math+english desc;
+-----------+--------+
| name      | 总分   |
+-----------+--------+
| 猪悟能    |    276 |
| 孙悟空    |    242 |
| 曹孟德    |    233 |
| 唐三藏    |    221 |
| 孙权      |    221 |
| 刘玄德    |    185 |
| 宋公明    |    170 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

使用别名排序:

mysql> select name,chinese+math+english 总分 from exam_result order by 总分 desc;
+-----------+--------+
| name      | 总分   |
+-----------+--------+
| 猪悟能    |    276 |
| 孙悟空    |    242 |
| 曹孟德    |    233 |
| 唐三藏    |    221 |
| 孙权      |    221 |
| 刘玄德    |    185 |
| 宋公明    |    170 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

是不是有疑问为什么这里order by 可以用别名排序?

因为order by优先级低于select。也就是说先选出所有人再排序!


2.3.5、查询姓孙的同学或者姓曹的同学数学成绩,结果按数学成绩由高到低显示
mysql> select name ,math from exam_result where name like '孙%' or name like '曹%' order by math desc;
+-----------+------+
| name      | math |
+-----------+------+
| 曹孟德    |   84 |
| 孙悟空    |   78 |
| 孙权      |   73 |
+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

可以看到,这里结合了where条件。


2.4、筛选分页结果

语法:

-- 起始下标为 0
-- 从 0 开始,筛选 n 条结果
select [distinct] {* 或者 字段名1,字段名2...} from 表名 [where ...] [order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc]] limit n;

-- 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果
select [distinct] {* 或者 字段名1,字段名2...} from 表名 [where ...] [order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc]] limit s, n;

-- 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果,比第二种用法更明确,建议使用
select [distinct] {* 或者 字段名1,字段名2...} from 表名 [where ...] [order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc]] limit n offset s;

建议:对未知表进行查询时,最好加一条 limit 1,避免因为表中数据过大,查询全表数据导致数据库卡死

案例:按id升序进行分页,每页3条记录

mysql> select * from exam_result order by id limit 3 offset 0;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |      67 |   98 |      56 |
|  2 | 孙悟空    |      87 |   78 |      77 |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |      88 |   98 |      90 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from exam_result order by id limit 3 offset 3;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
|  4 | 曹孟德    |      82 |   84 |      67 |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |      55 |   85 |      45 |
|  6 | 孙权      |      70 |   73 |      78 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from exam_result order by id limit 3 offset 6;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
|  7 | 宋公明    |      75 |   65 |      30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

可以看到,这里分了三页显示。


3、Update(更新)

语法:

update 表名 set 字段名1=更新值,... [where ...] [order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc]] [limit ...];

update对查询到的结果进行列(字段)值更新。


3.1、将孙悟空同学的数学成绩变更为 80 分

mysql> select name, math from exam_result where name='孙悟空';
+-----------+------+
| name      | math |
+-----------+------+
| 孙悟空    |   78 |
+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update exam_result set math=80 where name='孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select name, math from exam_result where name='孙悟空';
+-----------+------+
| name      | math |
+-----------+------+
| 孙悟空    |   80 |
+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

3.2、将曹孟德同学的数学成绩变更为 60 分,语文成绩变更为 70 分

mysql> select name, math, chinese from exam_result where name='曹孟德';
+-----------+------+---------+
| name      | math | chinese |
+-----------+------+---------+
| 曹孟德    |   84 |      82 |
+-----------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update exam_result set math=60,chinese=70 where name='曹孟德';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select name, math, chinese from exam_result where name='曹孟德';
+-----------+------+---------+
| name      | math | chinese |
+-----------+------+---------+
| 曹孟德    |   60 |      70 |
+-----------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

3.3、将总成绩倒数前三的 3 位同学的数学成绩加上 30 分

注意:数据更新,不支持 math += 30 这种语法。

mysql> select name,math,chinese+math+english 总分 from exam_result order by 总分;
+-----------+------+--------+
| name      | math | 总分   |
+-----------+------+--------+
| 宋公明    |   65 |    170 |
| 刘玄德    |   85 |    185 |
| 曹孟德    |   60 |    197 |
| 唐三藏    |   98 |    221 |
| 孙权      |   73 |    221 |
| 孙悟空    |   80 |    244 |
| 猪悟能    |   98 |    276 |
+-----------+------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update exam_result set math=math+30 order by chinese+math+english limit 3;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 3  Warnings: 0

mysql> select name,math,chinese+math+english 总分 from exam_result order by 总分;
+-----------+------+--------+
| name      | math | 总分   |
+-----------+------+--------+
| 宋公明    |   95 |    200 |
| 刘玄德    |  115 |    215 |
| 唐三藏    |   98 |    221 |
| 孙权      |   73 |    221 |
| 曹孟德    |   90 |    227 |
| 孙悟空    |   80 |    244 |
| 猪悟能    |   98 |    276 |
+-----------+------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

3.4、将所有同学的语文成绩更新为原来的 2 倍

注意:更新全表的语句一定要慎用

mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result;
+-----------+---------+
| name      | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 唐三藏    |      67 |
| 孙悟空    |      87 |
| 猪悟能    |      88 |
| 曹孟德    |      70 |
| 刘玄德    |      55 |
| 孙权      |      70 |
| 宋公明    |      75 |
+-----------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update exam_result set chinese=chinese*2;
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 7  Changed: 7  Warnings: 0

mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result;
+-----------+---------+
| name      | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 唐三藏    |     134 |
| 孙悟空    |     174 |
| 猪悟能    |     176 |
| 曹孟德    |     140 |
| 刘玄德    |     110 |
| 孙权      |     140 |
| 宋公明    |     150 |
+-----------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

4、Delete(删除)

4.1、删除数据

语法:

delete from 表名  [where ...] [order by 字段名 [asc 或者 desc]] [limit ...];

4.1.1、 删除孙悟空同学的考试成绩
mysql> select * from exam_result where name='孙悟空';
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
|  2 | 孙悟空    |     174 |   80 |      77 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from exam_result where name='孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from exam_result where name='孙悟空';
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

4.1.2、删除整张表数据

注意:删除整表操作要慎用

-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_delete (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  4 | D    |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table for_delete;
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table      | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                      |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| for_delete | CREATE TABLE `for_delete` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

我们需要注意的是,删除整张表只是删除数据,表结构并不删除,而且表的自增长还继承下来了


4.2、截断表

语法:

truncate [table] 表名;

注意:这个操作慎用。

  1. 只能对整表操作,不能像 delete 一样针对部分数据操作

  2. 实际上 MySQL 不对数据操作,所以比 delete 更快,但是truncate在删除数据的时候,并不经过真正的事务(后面博客会讲),所以无法回滚

  3. 会重置 auto_increment 项

案例:

-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_truncate (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> truncate table for_truncate;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql>

可以看到这里truncate表后,影响行数是0,所以实际上没有对数据真正操作。

mysql> SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table for_truncate;
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table        | Create Table                                                                                                                                                       |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| for_truncate | CREATE TABLE `for_truncate` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

可以看到这里 auto_increment 项已经重置,插入会重新开始。

mysql> INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | D    |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table for_truncate;
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table        | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                        |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| for_truncate | CREATE TABLE `for_truncate` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

可以看到插入一条数据后,auto_increment自增长为2。


5、插入查询结果

语法:

insert into 表名 [字段名1,字段名2...]  select ... from ...; 

当我们需要对当前表的数据去重,直接使用distinct关键字只能用来筛选结果,并不改变原表数据。

这时候我们可以先对需要去重的表进行去重查询后插入到新表,再把新表命名为需要去重的表名!

案例:

-- 建表
mysql> CREATE TABLE duplicate_table (id int, name varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

-- 插入重复数据
mysql> INSERT INTO duplicate_table VALUES
   -> (100, 'aaa'),
   -> (100, 'aaa'),
   -> (200, 'bbb'),
   -> (200, 'bbb'),
   -> (200, 'bbb'),
   -> (300, 'ccc');
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

-- 创建一个结构和duplicate_table的表
mysql> create table no_duplicate_table like duplicate_table;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> select * from no_duplicate_table;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from duplicate_table;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|  100 | aaa  |
|  100 | aaa  |
|  200 | bbb  |
|  200 | bbb  |
|  200 | bbb  |
|  300 | ccc  |
+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into no_duplicate_table select distinct * from duplicate; -- duplicate_table去重后的数据插入到no_duplicate_table
mysql> select * from no_duplicate_table; -- 去重后的数据
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|  100 | aaa  |
|  200 | bbb  |
|  300 | ccc  |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> rename table duplicate_table to old_duplicate_table,no_duplicate_table to duplicate_table; -- 改名
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> select * from duplicate_table;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|  100 | aaa  |
|  200 | bbb  |
|  300 | ccc  |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

6、聚合函数

聚合函数说明
COUNT([DISTINCT] column)返回满足条件的行数
SUM([DISTINCT] column)返回指定列值的总和
AVG([DISTINCT] column)返回指定列值的平均值
MAX(column)返回指定列中的最大值
MIN(column)返回指定列中的最小值
GROUP_CONCAT([DISTINCT] column)将组中的值连接成一个字符串
VARIANCE([DISTINCT] column)返回样本方差
STDDEV([DISTINCT] column)返回样本标准偏差
BIT_AND(column)按位与,并返回所有非空位的结果
BIT_OR(column)按位或,并返回所有非空位的结果
BIT_XOR(column)按位异或,并返回所有非空位的结果
JSON_ARRAYAGG(column)将组中的值作为JSON数组返回
JSON_OBJECTAGG(key_column, value_column)将组中的键值对作为JSON对象返回

6.1、统计班级共有多少同学

mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq   |
+----+----+------+------+
|  1 | 11 | xp   | 1234 |
|  3 | 33 | xxxp | NULL |
|  4 | 55 | zzz  | NULL |
|  6 | 22 | xx   | 6789 |
+----+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select count(*) from students;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|        4 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

-- 用表达式做统计
mysql> select count(2+1) from students;
+------------+
| count(2+1) |
+------------+
|          4 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

6.2、统计班级收集的 qq 号有多少

mysql> select count(qq) from students;
+-----------+
| count(qq) |
+-----------+
|         2 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

注意:NULL不参与统计


6.3、统计本次考试的数学成绩分数个数(不统计重复)

mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name      | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
|  1 | 唐三藏    |     134 |   98 |      56 |
|  3 | 猪悟能    |     176 |   98 |      90 |
|  4 | 曹孟德    |     140 |   90 |      67 |
|  5 | 刘玄德    |     110 |  115 |      45 |
|  6 | 孙权      |     140 |   73 |      78 |
|  7 | 宋公明    |     150 |   95 |      30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select count(distinct math) from exam_result;
+----------------------+
| count(distinct math) |
+----------------------+
|                    5 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

6.4、统计数学成绩总分以及不及格的数学成绩总分

mysql> select sum(math) from exam_result;
+-----------+
| sum(math) |
+-----------+
|       569 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select sum(math) from exam_result where math < 60;
+-----------+
| sum(math) |
+-----------+
|      NULL |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

6.5、统计平均总分

mysql> select avg(math+chinese+english) from exam_result;
+---------------------------+
| avg(math+chinese+english) |
+---------------------------+
|                     297.5 |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

6.6、返回英语最高分

mysql> select max(english) from exam_result;
+--------------+
| max(english) |
+--------------+
|           90 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

6.7、返回 > 70 分以上的数学最低分

mysql> select min(math) from exam_result where math > 70;
+-----------+
| min(math) |
+-----------+
|        73 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

7、group by子句

语法:

select 字段1, 列2, .. from 表名 group by 字段;

案例:

以下是一个经典的雇员信息表(EMP表),这是Oracle 9i数据库中常用的测试表。我们将以MySQL语法来创建该表,并插入一些示例数据。

创建和插入语句的完整SQL:

CREATE TABLE EMP (
   EMPNO      INT NOT NULL,
   ENAME      VARCHAR(10),
   JOB        VARCHAR(9),
   MGR        INT,
   HIREDATE   DATE,
   SAL        DECIMAL(7, 2),
   COMM       DECIMAL(7, 2),
   DEPTNO     INT,
   PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO)
);

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) VALUES
(7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800.00, NULL, 20),
(7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600.00, 300.00, 30),
(7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250.00, 500.00, 30),
(7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975.00, NULL, 20),
(7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850.00, NULL, 30),
(7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450.00, NULL, 10),
(7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1982-12-09', 3000.00, NULL, 20),
(7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL, '1981-11-17', 5000.00, NULL, 10),
(7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-08', 1500.00, 0.00, 30),
(7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1983-01-12', 1100.00, NULL, 20),
(7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03', 950.00, NULL, 30),
(7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000.00, NULL, 20),
(7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300.00, NULL, 10);

插入后的数据:

mysql> select * from EMP;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+--------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME  | JOB       | MGR  | HIREDATE   | SAL     | COMM   | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+--------+--------+
|  7369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 |  800.00 |   NULL |     20 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 |     30 |
|  7521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 |     30 |
|  7566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 |   NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 |   NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 |   NULL |     10 |
|  7788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 |   NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 |   NULL |     10 |
|  7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 |   0.00 |     30 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 |   NULL |     20 |
|  7900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 |  950.00 |   NULL |     30 |
|  7902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 |   NULL |     20 |
|  7934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 |   NULL |     10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+--------+--------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以上语句将在MySQL中创建一个雇员信息表,并插入一些示例数据。你可以直接将这些SQL语句复制到你的MySQL环境中运行。

  • 显示每个部分的平均工资、最高工资和最低工资
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal),max(sal),min(sal) from EMP group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+----------+----------+
| deptno | avg(sal)    | max(sal) | min(sal) |
+--------+-------------+----------+----------+
|     10 | 2916.666667 |  5000.00 |  1300.00 |
|     20 | 2175.000000 |  3000.00 |   800.00 |
|     30 | 1630.000000 |  2850.00 |   950.00 |
+--------+-------------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>
  • 显示每个部门的每种岗位的平均工资和最低工资
mysql> select deptno,job,avg(sal),min(sal) from EMP group by deptno,job;
+--------+-----------+-------------+----------+
| deptno | job       | avg(sal)    | min(sal) |
+--------+-----------+-------------+----------+
|     10 | CLERK     | 1300.000000 |  1300.00 |
|     10 | MANAGER   | 2450.000000 |  2450.00 |
|     10 | PRESIDENT | 5000.000000 |  5000.00 |
|     20 | ANALYST   | 3000.000000 |  3000.00 |
|     20 | CLERK     |  950.000000 |   800.00 |
|     20 | MANAGER   | 2975.000000 |  2975.00 |
|     30 | CLERK     |  950.000000 |   950.00 |
|     30 | MANAGER   | 2850.000000 |  2850.00 |
|     30 | SALESMAN  | 1450.000000 |  1250.00 |
+--------+-----------+-------------+----------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>
  • 显示平均工资低于2000的部门和它的平均工资

  • 统计各部门的平均工资

    mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from EMP group by deptno;
    +--------+-------------+
    | deptno | avg(sal)    |
    +--------+-------------+
    |     10 | 2916.666667 |
    |     20 | 2175.000000 |
    |     30 | 1630.000000 |
    +--------+-------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> 
    
  • having和group by配合使用,对group by结果进行过滤

    mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from EMP group by deptno having avg(sal)<2000;
    +--------+-------------+
    | deptno | avg(sal)    |
    +--------+-------------+
    |     30 | 1630.000000 |
    +--------+-------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
       
    mysql>
    

    注意:having经常和group by搭配使用,作用是对分组进行筛选,作用有些像where,但有区别,不能混用!

    mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from EMP group by deptno where avg(sal)<2000;
    ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'where avg(sal)<2000' at line 1
    mysql> 
    

OKOK,MySQL的增删查改就到这里,如果你对Linux和C++也感兴趣的话,可以看看我的主页哦。下面是我的github主页,里面记录了我的学习代码和leetcode的一些题的题解,有兴趣的可以看看。

Xpccccc的github主页

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