oraclelinux7.8安装Oracle12c详细教程

说明

本文系统使用 OracleLinux-R7-U8-Server-x86_64-dvd.iso 最小化安装，新建/data目录用于安装Oracle数据库。
系统下载地址：OracleLinux7.8
本文Oracle版本为 linuxx64_12201_database.zip。
数据库下载地址：Oracle12c
依赖包pdksh下载地址：pdksh包，提取码：gzry。

本文操作系统hostname为test，安装Oracle数据库sid为test，管理员用户密码统一为 managertest。

添加用户和组

[root@test ~]# groupadd oinstall
[root@test ~]# groupadd dba
[root@test ~]# useradd -g oinstall -G dba -m oracle

修改密码

[root@test ~]# id oracle
uid=1000(oracle) gid=1000(oinstall) groups=1000(oinstall),1001(dba)
[root@test ~]# passwd oracle
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: 
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

创建相关目录

[root@test ~]# mkdir -p /data/oracle
[root@test ~]# mkdir -p /data/oraInventory
[root@test ~]# mkdir -p /data/soft
[root@test ~]# mkdir -p /data/java

目录赋权

[root@test ~]# chmod -R 775 /data
[root@test ~]# chmod 777 -R /tmp

拷贝文件

拷贝文件jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz ， linuxx64_12201_database.zip ，pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm 到 soft目录。

安装解压工具

jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz
linuxx64_12201_database.zip

[root@test ~]# yum install -y unzip
[root@test ~]# yum install -y tar

解压文件

[root@test ~]# cd /data/soft/
[root@test soft]# ls
jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz  linuxx64_12201_database.zip  pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm
[root@test soft]# tar -zxvf jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@test soft]# mv /data/soft/jdk1.8.0_151/* /data/java
[root@test soft]# rm -rf /data/soft/jdk1.8.0_151/
[root@test soft]# unzip linuxx64_12201_database.zip

配置java环境

[root@Slave01 soft]# vi /etc/profile

#添加环境变量，建议添加在开头部分
export JAVA_HOME=/data/java/
export JRE_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}/jre
export CLASSPATH=.:${JAVA_HOME}/lib:${JRE_HOME}/lib
export PATH=${JAVA_HOME}/bin:$PATH
[root@test soft]# source /etc/profile

安装Oracle依赖包

# 查看依赖包
[root@test tmp]# rpm -q \
> binutils \
> compat-libstdc++-33 \
> elfutils-libelf \
> elfutils-libelf-devel \
> expat \
> gcc \
> gcc-c++ \
> glibc \
> glibc-common \
> glibc-devel \
> glibc-headers \
> libaio \
> libaio-devel \
> libgcc \
> libstdc++ \
> libstdc++-devel \
> make \
> pdksh \
> sysstat \
> unixODBC \
> unixODBC-devel
binutils-2.27-43.base.0.1.el7.x86_64
package compat-libstdc++-33 is not installed
elfutils-libelf-0.176-4.el7.x86_64
package elfutils-libelf-devel is not installed
expat-2.1.0-11.el7.x86_64
package gcc is not installed
package gcc-c++ is not installed
glibc-2.17-307.0.1.el7.1.x86_64
glibc-common-2.17-307.0.1.el7.1.x86_64
package glibc-devel is not installed
package glibc-headers is not installed
libaio-0.3.109-13.el7.x86_64
package libaio-devel is not installed
libgcc-4.8.5-39.0.3.el7.x86_64
libstdc++-4.8.5-39.0.3.el7.x86_64
package libstdc++-devel is not installed
make-3.82-24.el7.x86_64
package pdksh is not installed
package sysstat is not installed
package unixODBC is not installed
package unixODBC-devel is not installed

# 安装依赖包
[root@test tmp]# yum install compat-libstdc++-33 -y
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y elfutils-libelf-devel
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y gcc
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y gcc-c++
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y glibc-devel
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y glibc-headers
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y libaio-devel
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y libstdc++-devel
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y sysstat
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y unixODBC
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y unixODBC-devel
[root@test tmp]# yum install -y pdksh
No package pdksh available.

安装pdksh包

[root@test tmp]# rpm -ivh /data/soft/pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm 
warning: /data/soft/pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID e8562897: NOKEY
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1          ################################# [100%]

配置Oracle服务端口

# 查看开放的端口
[root@test tmp]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-ports

[root@test tmp]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=1521/tcp --permanen
success
[root@test tmp]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=5500/tcp --permanen
success
[root@test tmp]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=5502/tcp --permanen
success

# 使配置立即生效
[root@test tmp]# setenforce 0
[root@test tmp]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
[root@test tmp]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-ports
1521/tcp 5500/tcp 5502/tcp

制作模板，生成快照准备安装Oracle数据库

配置内核参数

[root@Slave01 tmp]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

# 内容如下
# 为Oracle安装配置内核参数
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem=250 32000 100 128
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max= 4194304
net.core.wmem_default= 262144
net.core.wmem_max= 1048576
# 设置生效
[root@Slave01 tmp]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576

用户设置

[root@test tmp]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf
# 将下面内容添加到 limits.conf
# oracle用户优化配置
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536


[root@test tmp]# vi /etc/pam.d/login
# 将下面内容添加到login
# 进程配置
session    required     /lib64/security/pam_limits.so
session    required     pam_limits.so


[root@test tmp]# vi /etc/profile
# 将下面内容添加到export之前
if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
    if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
        ulimit -p 16384
        ulimit -n 65536
    else
        ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
    fi
fi

# 使配置文件生效
[root@Slave01 tmp]# source /etc/profile

配置环境变量

[root@test tmp]# vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile
# 找到下列语句
# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin

export PATH

# 在其之前添加如下内容 
# 配置Oracle环境
export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=test
export ORACLE_BASE=/data/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/12.2.0/db_1 #oracle数据库路径
export ORACLE_SID=test #oracle启动数据库实例名
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=test
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #添加系统环境变量
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib #添加系统环境变量
export LANG=en_US #防止安装过程出现乱码
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK
export NLS_DATE_FORMST="YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS"

# 配置完成后，建议重启系统 或分别执行以下命令：
# 建议重启服务器
[root@test ~]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile
[root@test ~]# env

目录赋权

#将目录的权限赋给oracle用户
[root@test ~]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data

配置数据库安装响应文件

使用Oracle用户

# 切换用户，使配置文件生效
[root@test ~]# su oracle
[oracle@test root]$ source /home/oracle/.bash_profile


# 切换目录备份响应文件
[oracle@test root]$ cd /data/soft/database/response
[oracle@test response]$ ls
dbca.rsp  db_install.rsp  netca.rsp
[oracle@test response]$ cp db_install.rsp db_install.rsp.bak


# 修改响应文件
# 为确保每条都被执行，建议单条粘贴执行
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.option=/oracle.install.option=INSTALL_DB_SWONLY/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^UNIX_GROUP_NAME=/UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^INVENTORY_LOCATION=/INVENTORY_LOCATION=\/data\/oraInventory/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en/SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en,zh_CN/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^ORACLE_HOME=/ORACLE_HOME=\/data\/oracle\/product\/12.2.0\/db_1/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^ORACLE_BASE=/ORACLE_BASE=\/data\/oracle/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=/oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.OSDBA_GROUP=/oracle.install.db.OSDBA_GROUP=dba/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.OSOPER_GROUP=/oracle.install.db.OSOPER_GROUP=oinstall/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.OSBACKUPDBA_GROUP=/oracle.install.db.OSBACKUPDBA_GROUP=dba/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.OSDGDBA_GROUP=/oracle.install.db.OSDGDBA_GROUP=dba/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.OSKMDBA_GROUP=/oracle.install.db.OSKMDBA_GROUP=dba/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.OSRACDBA_GROUP=/oracle.install.db.OSRACDBA_GROUP=dba/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=/oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=GENERAL_PURPOSE/g" db_install.rsp

# 设置全局数据库名为test
sed -i 
"s/^oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.globalDBName=/oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.globalDBName=test/g" db_install.rsp

# 修改SID为test
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=/oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=test/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.characterSet=/oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.characterSet=ZHS16GBK/g" db_install.rsp

# 修改数据库软件的管理密码为managertest
sed -i "s/^oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.ALL=/oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.ALL=managertest/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^SECURITY_UPDATES_VIA_MYORACLESUPPORT=/SECURITY_UPDATES_VIA_MYORACLESUPPORT=false/g" db_install.rsp
sed -i "s/^DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=/DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true/g" db_install.rsp

静默安装Oracle12c

# 回到database目录
[oracle@test response]$ cd /data/soft/database/

# 安装软件
[oracle@test database]$ ./runInstaller -silent -force -noconfig -ignorePrereq -responseFile /data/soft/database/response/db_install.rsp
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 500 MB.   Actual 8297 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 8191 MB    Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2021-11-18_11-27-52PM. Please wait ...[oracle@Slave01 database]$ You can find the log of this install session at:
 /data/oraInventory/logs/installActions2021-11-18_11-27-52PM.log
The installation of Oracle Database 12c was successful.
Please check '/data/oraInventory/logs/silentInstall2021-11-18_11-27-52PM.log' for more details.

As a root user, execute the following script(s):
	1. /data/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
	2. /data/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/root.sh



Successfully Setup Software.
	
# 新建会话使用root用户执行sh脚本
[root@test ~]# /data/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
Changing permissions of /data/oraInventory.
Adding read,write permissions for group.
Removing read,write,execute permissions for world.

Changing groupname of /data/oraInventory to oinstall.
The execution of the script is complete.
[root@test ~]# /data/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/root.sh
Check /data/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/install/root_Slave01_2021-11-18_23-33-34-644861766.log for the output of root script

配置Oracle监听

使用Oracle用户

# 用Oracle用户配置监听
[oracle@test database]$ netca /silent /responseFile /data/soft/database/response/netca.rsp

Parsing command line arguments:
    Parameter "silent" = true
    Parameter "responsefile" = /data/soft/database/response/netca.rsp
Done parsing command line arguments.
Oracle Net Services Configuration:
Profile configuration complete.
Oracle Net Listener Startup:
    Running Listener Control: 
      /data/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/bin/lsnrctl start LISTENER
    Listener Control complete.
    Listener started successfully.
Listener configuration complete.
Oracle Net Services configuration successful. The exit code is 0

创建数据库

# 备份dbca文件
[oracle@test database]$ cd /data/soft/database/response
[oracle@test response]$ ls
dbca.rsp  db_install.rsp  db_install.rsp.bak  netca.rsp
[oracle@test response]$ cp dbca.rsp dbca.rsp.bak 


# 修改dbca响应文件
# 修改全局数据库名为test
sed -i 's/^gdbName=/gdbName=slave/g' dbca.rsp
# 修改sid为test
sed -i 's/^sid=/sid=slave/g' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^databaseConfigType=/databaseConfigType=SI/g' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^storageType=/storageType=FS/g' dbca.rsp
# 修改管理密码为managertest
sed -i 's/^sysPassword=/sysPassword=managertest/g' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^systemPassword=/systemPassword=managertest/g' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^oracleHomeUserPassword=/oracleHomeUserPassword=managertest/g' dbca.rsp

sed -i 's/^datafileDestination=/datafileDestination=\/data\/oradata/g' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^recoveryAreaDestination=/recoveryAreaDestination=\/data\/oracle\/fast_recovery_area/g' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^characterSet=/characterSet=ZHS16GBK/' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^templateName=/templateName=\/data\/oracle\/product\/12.2.0\/db_1\/assistants\/dbca\/templates\/General_Purpose.dbc/g' dbca.rsp
sed -i 's/^listeners=/listeners=LISTENER/g' dbca.rsp
# 设置Oracle使用系统内存上限
sed -i 's/^totalMemory=/totalMemory=5000/g' dbca.rsp  #值设置为物理内存的60%

# 创建数据库
[oracle@test response]$ cd /data/soft/database
[oracle@test database]$ dbca -silent -createDatabase -responseFile /data/soft/database/response/dbca.rsp
[WARNING] [DBT-11207] Specified SGA size is greater than the shmmax on the system. This might make database creation to fail with ORA-27125 - Unable to create shared memory segment error.
   ACTION: Specify SGA size lesser than or equal to the shmmax on the system.
[WARNING] [DBT-06208] The 'SYS' password entered does not conform to the Oracle recommended standards.
   CAUSE: 
a. Oracle recommends that the password entered should be at least 8 characters in length, contain at least 1 uppercase character, 1 lower case character and 1 digit [0-9].
b.The password entered is a keyword that Oracle does not recommend to be used as password
   ACTION: Specify a strong password. If required refer Oracle documentation for guidelines.
[WARNING] [DBT-06208] The 'SYSTEM' password entered does not conform to the Oracle recommended standards.
   CAUSE: 
a. Oracle recommends that the password entered should be at least 8 characters in length, contain at least 1 uppercase character, 1 lower case character and 1 digit [0-9].
b.The password entered is a keyword that Oracle does not recommend to be used as password
   ACTION: Specify a strong password. If required refer Oracle documentation for guidelines.
Copying database files
1% complete
2% complete

查看监听状态

如果未启动，请启动监听

[oracle@test database]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 18-NOV-2021 23:46:06

Copyright (c) 1991, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=Slave01)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                18-NOV-2021 23:34:33
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 11 min. 33 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /data/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /data/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/Slave01/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=Slave01)(PORT=1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "slave" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "slave", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "slaveXDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "slave", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

配置dbconsole

# 用sysdba用户登录数据库
[oracle@test database]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Thu Nov 18 23:53:43 2021

Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production

SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connected.

# 设置端口
SQL> EXEC DBMS_XDB_CONFIG.SETHTTPSPORT(5500);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> SQL> EXEC DBMS_XDB_CONFIG.SETHTTPPORT(5502);
SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "SQL> EXEC ..." - rest of line ignored.
SQL> EXEC DBMS_XDB_CONFIG.SETHTTPPORT(5502);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


# 查看结果
SQL> select dbms_xdb_config.gethttpsport() from dual;

DBMS_XDB_CONFIG.GETHTTPSPORT()
------------------------------
			  5500

SQL> select dbms_xdb_config.gethttpport() from dual;

DBMS_XDB_CONFIG.GETHTTPPORT()
-----------------------------
			 5502

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