Spring Cloud Ribbon：负载均衡的服务调用

Spring Cloud Ribbon 是Spring Cloud Netflix 子项目的核心组件之一，主要给服务间调用及API网关转发提供负载均衡的功能，本文将对其用法进行详细介绍

Ribbon简介

Ribbon 是 Netflix 公司开源的一个用于负载均衡的客户端组件，它是 Spring Cloud 生态系统中的一部分；Ribbon 的主要目标是提供一种简单且可定制的负载均衡解决方案，用于在微服务架构中实现服务之间的调用和负载均衡

RestTemplate

RestTemplate 是 Spring Framework 提供的一个用于进行 HTTP 请求的客户端工具类；简化了在 Java 应用程序中进行 HTTP 通信的过程，并提供了丰富的方法来处理请求和响应


RestTemplate 提供了各种方法来执行不同类型的 HTTP 请求，包括 GET、POST、PUT、DELETE 等；支持发送请求并接收响应的各种数据类型，如字符串、字节数组、JSON 对象等

GET请求方法

<T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);

<T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);

<T> T getForObject(URI url, Class<T> responseType);

<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);

<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);

<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(URI var1, Class<T> responseType);

POST请求方法

<T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);

<T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);

<T> T postForObject(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType);

<T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);

<T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);

<T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType);

PUT请求方法

void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Object... uriVariables);

void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);

void put(URI url, @Nullable Object request);

DELETE请求方法

void delete(String url, Object... uriVariables);

void delete(String url, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);

void delete(URI url);

创建user-service模块

创建user-service，用于给Ribbon提供服务调用

• 添加依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>

• 添加application.yml配置

server:
  port: 8201
spring:
  application:
    name: user-service
eureka:
  client:
    register-with-eureka: true
    fetch-registry: true
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/

• 添加UserController用于提供调用接口

/**
 * Created by macro on 2019/8/29.
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserController {

    private Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());

    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;

    @PostMapping("/create")
    public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
        userService.create(user);
        return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
    }

    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public CommonResult<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        User user = userService.getUser(id);
        LOGGER.info("根据id获取用户信息，用户名称为：{}",user.getUsername());
        return new CommonResult<>(user);
    }

    @GetMapping("/getUserByIds")
    public CommonResult<List<User>> getUserByIds(@RequestParam List<Long> ids) {
        List<User> userList= userService.getUserByIds(ids);
        LOGGER.info("根据ids获取用户信息，用户列表为：{}",userList);
        return new CommonResult<>(userList);
    }

    @GetMapping("/getByUsername")
    public CommonResult<User> getByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
        User user = userService.getByUsername(username);
        return new CommonResult<>(user);
    }

    @PostMapping("/update")
    public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
        userService.update(user);
        return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
    }

    @PostMapping("/delete/{id}")
    public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
        userService.delete(id);
        return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
    }
}

创建ribbon-service模块

创建ribbon-service模块调用user-service模块演示负载均衡的服务调用

• 添加依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>

• 配置application.yml

配置端口、注册中心地址及user-service的调用路径

server:
  port: 8301
spring:
  application:
    name: ribbon-service
eureka:
  client:
    register-with-eureka: true
    fetch-registry: true
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/
service-url:
  user-service: http://user-service

负载均衡

• @LoadBalanced注解赋予RestTemplate负载均衡的能力

/**
 * Created by macro on 2019/8/29.
 */
@Configuration
public class RibbonConfig {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

• 添加UserRibbonController类

注入RestTemplate，使用其调用user-service中提供的相关接口

/**
 * Created by macro on 2019/8/29.
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserRibbonController {
    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;
    @Value("${service-url.user-service}")
    private String userServiceUrl;

    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public CommonResult getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
    }

    @GetMapping("/getByUsername")
    public CommonResult getByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
        return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
    }

    @GetMapping("/getEntityByUsername")
    public CommonResult getEntityByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
        ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
        if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()) {
            return entity.getBody();
        } else {
            return new CommonResult("操作失败", 500);
        }
    }

    @PostMapping("/create")
    public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
        return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/create", user, CommonResult.class);
    }

    @PostMapping("/update")
    public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
        return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/update", user, CommonResult.class);
    }

    @PostMapping("/delete/{id}")
    public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, CommonResult.class, id);
    }
}