需要链接这两个库setupapi uuid
添加链接库后下面的程序可以直接拷贝运行
终端需要设置为utf8以适应中文
我的环境是mingw+gcc，只要链接库添加好vs也是一样的
windows相关api文档：https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows/win32/api/setupapi/nf-setupapi-setupdigetdeviceregistrypropertya

• cv即可，相关细节从上面的api文档检索

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <setupapi.h>
#include <devguid.h>
#include <regstr.h>

#pragma comment(lib, "setupapi.lib")

void searchSerialPorts()
{
    HDEVINFO hDevInfo;
    SP_DEVINFO_DATA devInfoData;
    DWORD index = 0;

    // 获取串口类设备列表
    hDevInfo = SetupDiGetClassDevs(&GUID_DEVCLASS_PORTS, NULL, NULL, DIGCF_PRESENT);

    if (hDevInfo == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
    {
        printf("无法获取串口设备列表\n");
        return;
    }

    devInfoData.cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVINFO_DATA);

    while (SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo(hDevInfo, index, &devInfoData))
    {
        char deviceInstanceId[MAX_PATH];
        if (SetupDiGetDeviceInstanceIdA(hDevInfo, &devInfoData, deviceInstanceId, sizeof(deviceInstanceId), NULL))
        {
            printf("设备号：%s\n", deviceInstanceId);
        }

        char portDetails[256];
        if (SetupDiGetDeviceRegistryPropertyA(hDevInfo, &devInfoData, SPDRP_DEVICEDESC, NULL, (PBYTE)portDetails, sizeof(portDetails), NULL))
        {
            // 将设备描述转换为UTF-8编码
            int utf8Len = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, portDetails, -1, NULL, 0);
            wchar_t* wideStr = (wchar_t*)malloc(utf8Len * sizeof(wchar_t));
            MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, portDetails, -1, wideStr, utf8Len);

            int utf8Size = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wideStr, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
            char* utf8Str = (char*)malloc(utf8Size);
            WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wideStr, -1, utf8Str, utf8Size, NULL, NULL);

            printf("设备描述：%s\n", utf8Str);

            free(wideStr);
            free(utf8Str);
        }
        else
        {
            printf("无法获取设备描述\n");
        }

        // 获取串口号
        char portName[10];
        HKEY hKey = SetupDiOpenDevRegKey(hDevInfo, &devInfoData, DICS_FLAG_GLOBAL, 0, DIREG_DEV, KEY_READ);
        if (hKey != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        {
            DWORD portNameSize = sizeof(portName);
            if (RegQueryValueExA(hKey, "PortName", NULL, NULL, (LPBYTE)portName, &portNameSize) == ERROR_SUCCESS)
            {
                printf("串口号：%s\n", portName);
            }
            else
            {
                printf("无法获取串口号\n");
            }

            RegCloseKey(hKey);
        }
        else
        {
            printf("无法打开注册表键\n");
        }

        printf("\n");

        index++;
    }

    SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(hDevInfo);
}

int main()
{
    searchSerialPorts();

    return 0;
}

• 结果正确
  

• 再贴一个初级的方法，就是挨着打开一个范围的串口号，能打开就是有，不能获取更多设备信息：

void searchSerialPorts()
{
    char portName[10];
    HANDLE hSerial;
    
    for (int i = 1; i <= 40; i++)
    {
        sprintf(portName, "COM%d", i);
        
        // 尝试打开串口
        hSerial = CreateFile(portName, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, NULL);
        
        if (hSerial != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        {
            printf("找到串口：%s\n", portName);
            CloseHandle(hSerial);
        }
        else
        {
            // 尝试在串口名称前添加"\\\\.\\"后再次打开
            sprintf(portName, "\\\\.\\COM%d", i);
            
            hSerial = CreateFile(portName, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, NULL);
            
            if (hSerial != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
            {
                printf("找到串口：%s\n", portName);
                CloseHandle(hSerial);
            }
        }
    }
}

• 串口号搜索也可以，就是没有其他信息了
  

• 另外，一个退出处理：

BOOL WINAPI consoleHandler(DWORD signal)
{
    if (signal == CTRL_C_EVENT || signal == CTRL_BREAK_EVENT)
    {
        // 关闭串口
        if (hSerial != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        {
            CloseHandle(hSerial);
        }
        printf("程序已退出\n");
        ExitProcess(0);
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

int main()
{
     // 设置控制台信号处理函数
    if (!SetConsoleCtrlHandler(consoleHandler, TRUE))
    {
        printf("无法设置控制台信号处理函数\n");
        return -1;
    }
}