注：机翻，未校。

Alfred Schutz: Pioneering Contributions to Phenomenological Sociology

Sociology Plus May 22, 2024

Introduction to Alfred Schutz Alfred Schutz 简介

Overview of Alfred Schutz’s life and career 阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的生活和职业生涯概述

Alfred Schutz was born on April 13, 1899, in Vienna, Austria. He grew up in a culturally rich and intellectually stimulating environment, which played a crucial role in shaping his future intellectual pursuits. Schutz’s father, Leopold Schutz, died before his birth, and his mother, Olga, remarried Leopold’s brother. This unique family structure may have influenced Schutz’s later interest in the complexities of social relationships and individual experiences.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 于 1899 年 4 月 13 日出生于奥地利维也纳。他在文化丰富、智力刺激的环境中长大，这对塑造他未来的知识追求起着至关重要的作用。舒茨的父亲利奥波德·舒茨 （Leopold Schutz） 在他出生前就去世了，他的母亲奥尔加 （Olga） 与利奥波德的兄弟再婚。这种独特的家庭结构可能影响了舒茨后来对社会关系和个人经历的复杂性的兴趣。

Schutz completed his early education in Vienna and later attended the University of Vienna, where he initially pursued law. His academic career was interrupted by World War I, during which he served as a lieutenant in the Austrian army. The war had a profound impact on him, exposing him to the harsh realities of life and the complexities of human interactions, which later influenced his sociological and philosophical inquiries.
舒茨在维也纳完成了他的早期教育，后来就读于维也纳大学，最初在那里他攻读法律。他的学术生涯因第一次世界大战而中断，在此期间他在奥地利军队担任中尉。战争对他产生了深远的影响，使他接触到生活的严酷现实和人类互动的复杂性，这后来影响了他的社会学和哲学探索。

After the war, Schutz resumed his studies and earned his doctorate in law in 1921. Despite his formal education in law, Schutz was deeply interested in philosophy and social theory. His intellectual curiosity led him to engage with various intellectual circles in Vienna, including the Austrian School of Economics, where he was influenced by the works of Ludwig von Mises and other prominent economists and philosophers.
战后，舒茨恢复了学业，并于 1921 年获得法学博士学位。尽管接受过正规的法律教育，舒茨对哲学和社会理论仍深感兴趣。他的求知欲使他与维也纳的各种知识界打交道，包括奥地利经济学院，在那里他受到路德维希·冯·米塞斯 （Ludwig von Mises） 和其他著名经济学家和哲学家著作的影响。

Schutz’s career took a practical turn when he began working in banking. Although his job as a banker provided financial stability, it did not fulfill his intellectual and existential needs. He continued to pursue his philosophical interests, participating in informal lecture and discussion circles. It was during this period that Schutz became acquainted with the works of Max Weber and Edmund Husserl, which profoundly influenced his thinking and future work.
当 Schutz 开始在银行业工作时，他的职业生涯发生了实际的转折。尽管他的银行家工作提供了稳定的财务，但这并不能满足他的智力和生存需求。他继续追求自己的哲学兴趣，参加非正式的讲座和讨论圈。正是在这一时期，舒茨熟悉了马克斯·韦伯和埃德蒙·胡塞尔的作品，这对他的思想和未来的工作产生了深远的影响。

In 1932, Schutz published his seminal work, “The Phenomenology of the Social World,” which established him as a significant figure in the field of sociology. This work was a critical examination of social action and subjective experience, drawing heavily on the phenomenological philosophy of Husserl and the sociological theories of Weber.
1932 年，舒茨出版了他的开创性著作《社会世界现象学》，这使他成为社会学领域的重要人物。这部作品是对社会行动和主观经验的批判性考察，大量借鉴了胡塞尔的现象学哲学和韦伯的社会学理论。

As the political situation in Europe deteriorated with the rise of Nazism, Schutz, who was Jewish, decided to emigrate to the United States in 1939. He settled in New York City and took up a position at the New School for Social Research. Despite the challenges of adapting to a new country and culture, Schutz continued to develop his sociological theories and engaged with a new generation of scholars.
随着纳粹主义的崛起，欧洲的政治局势恶化，犹太人舒茨于 1939 年决定移民美国。他在纽约市定居，并在新社会研究学院 （New School for Social Research） 任职。尽管适应新的国家和文化面临挑战，舒茨继续发展他的社会学理论，并与新一代学者互动。

Schutz’s dual career as a banker and an academic continued until 1956, when he decided to focus entirely on his academic work. He became a full-time professor at the New School and dedicated his efforts to teaching and writing. During this period, Schutz produced a significant body of work, including numerous essays and articles that expanded on his initial theories and addressed various aspects of social reality and subjective experience.
舒茨作为银行家和学者的双重职业生涯一直持续到 1956 年，当时他决定完全专注于他的学术工作。他成为新学院的全职教授，并致力于教学和写作。在此期间，舒茨创作了大量作品，包括许多散文和文章，这些文章和文章扩展了他最初的理论，并探讨了社会现实和主观经验的各个方面。

Alfred Schutz passed away on May 20, 1959, but his contributions to sociology and phenomenology have had a lasting impact. His work laid the foundation for future developments in sociological theory and methodology, particularly in the areas of ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and social constructionism. Schutz’s emphasis on the subjective experience of social reality continues to resonate with scholars and researchers, making him a central figure in the field of sociology.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 于 1959 年 5 月 20 日去世，但他对社会学和现象学的贡献产生了持久的影响。他的工作为社会学理论和方法论的未来发展奠定了基础，特别是在民族方法论、对话分析和社会建构主义领域。舒茨对社会现实主观体验的强调继续引起学者和研究人员的共鸣，使他成为社会学领域的核心人物。

The influence of phenomenology on his work 现象学对他工作的影响

Phenomenology, as a philosophical approach, profoundly influenced Alfred Schutz’s work. This influence is most evident in his efforts to understand and describe the subjective experiences of individuals within the social world. Schutz’s engagement with phenomenology began with his study of Edmund Husserl’s works, particularly Husserl’s exploration of consciousness and intentionality.
现象学作为一种哲学方法，深刻地影响了阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的工作。这种影响在他努力理解和描述社会世界中个人的主观体验中最为明显。舒茨对现象学的参与始于他对埃德蒙·胡塞尔作品的研究，特别是胡塞尔对意识和意向性的探索。

Husserl’s phenomenology is centered on the idea that consciousness is always directed toward something; this is known as intentionality. For Husserl, phenomenology involves bracketing or setting aside preconceived notions about the external world to focus purely on how things appear to consciousness. This method, known as the phenomenological reduction, aims to uncover the essential structures of experience.
胡塞尔的现象学以意识总是指向某物的观点为中心;这被称为意向性。对胡塞尔来说，现象学涉及将关于外部世界的先入为主的观念括起来或放在一边，纯粹关注事物在意识中的表现。这种方法被称为现象学还原，旨在揭示经验的基本结构。

Schutz adopted these phenomenological principles and applied them to sociology. He sought to explore how individuals construct and maintain a shared social reality through their everyday interactions. By focusing on the subjective experiences of individuals, Schutz aimed to uncover the foundational structures of social life and the processes through which people make sense of their actions and interactions.
舒茨采用了这些现象学原则，并将其应用于社会学。他试图探索个人如何通过日常互动构建和维护共享的社会现实。通过关注个人的主观体验，舒茨旨在揭示社会生活的基本结构以及人们理解其行为和互动的过程。

One of the key contributions of phenomenology to Schutz’s work is the concept of the life-world (Lebenswelt). The life-world is the pre-theoretical realm of everyday experience where people live their daily lives. It is a world of taken-for-granted realities that individuals navigate using their practical knowledge and skills. For Schutz, the life-world is the fundamental source of meaning and reality for individuals, and understanding it is crucial for comprehending social phenomena.
现象学对舒茨工作的主要贡献之一是生命世界的概念 （Lebenswelt）。生命世界是人们日常生活中日常经验的前理论领域。这是一个理所当然的现实世界，个人利用他们的实践知识和技能来驾驭。对舒茨来说，生活世界是个人意义和现实的根本来源，理解它对于理解社会现象至关重要。

Schutz also drew on Husserl’s concept of intentionality to examine how individuals direct their attention and actions toward objects and events in the social world. He explored how people’s perceptions and interpretations of their experiences shape their social reality. This focus on the intentional nature of consciousness allowed Schutz to delve into the ways individuals ascribe meaning to their interactions and how these meanings are shared and negotiated within the social context.
舒茨还借鉴了胡塞尔的意向性概念，来研究个人如何将他们的注意力和行动引导到社会世界中的物体和事件上。他探讨了人们对自己经历的看法和解释如何塑造他们的社会现实。这种对意识的意向性本质的关注使 Schutz 能够深入研究个人如何为他们的互动赋予意义，以及这些意义如何在社会环境中被分享和协商。

Another important influence of phenomenology on Schutz’s work is the emphasis on the intersubjective nature of social life. Intersubjectivity refers to the shared understanding that individuals have of each other’s experiences and actions. Schutz was particularly interested in how people achieve mutual understanding and coordinate their actions within the social world. He explored how individuals construct typifications and recipes, which are generalized categories and practical guides for action, to navigate their social environment.
现象学对舒茨工作的另一个重要影响是强调社会生活的主体间性。主体间性是指个人对彼此的经历和行为的共同理解。舒茨对人们如何在社会世界中实现相互理解并协调他们的行动特别感兴趣。他探讨了个人如何构建类型化和食谱，它们是通用的类别和行动的实用指南，以驾驭他们的社会环境。

Schutz’s phenomenological approach also led him to critique the prevailing positivist methodologies in social science. He argued that traditional social science often overlooked the subjective experiences and meanings that individuals bring to their interactions. By emphasizing the need to understand the subjective perspectives of individuals, Schutz challenged the notion that social phenomena can be fully explained through objective, quantitative methods alone.
舒茨的现象学方法也使他批判了社会科学中流行的实证主义方法。他认为，传统的社会科学经常忽视个人为他们的互动带来的主观体验和意义。通过强调理解个人主观观点的必要性，舒茨挑战了仅通过客观、定量方法可以充分解释社会现象的观念。

The influence of phenomenology on Alfred Schutz’s work is profound and multifaceted. It provided him with the conceptual tools to explore the subjective experiences of individuals and the intersubjective nature of social life. By integrating phenomenological principles into sociology, Schutz made significant contributions to our understanding of social reality and the processes through which individuals construct and maintain it.
现象学对阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 工作的影响是深远而多方面的。它为他提供了探索个人主观经验和社会生活的主体间性的概念工具。通过将现象学原则整合到社会学中，舒茨为我们理解社会现实以及个人构建和维护社会现实的过程做出了重大贡献。

Key philosophical influences: Edmund Husserl, Henri Bergson, Max Weber 主要哲学影响：埃德蒙·胡塞尔、亨利·柏格森、马克斯·韦伯

Alfred Schutz’s intellectual development was shaped by the ideas and works of several key philosophers, most notably Edmund Husserl, Henri Bergson, and Max Weber. Each of these thinkers contributed to Schutz’s unique approach to sociology and phenomenology, providing him with a rich theoretical foundation to explore the subjective dimensions of social life.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的思想和作品受到几位重要哲学家的思想和作品的影响，最著名的是埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl）、亨利·柏格森 （Henri Bergson） 和马克斯·韦伯 （Max Weber）。这些思想家都为舒茨独特的社会学和现象学方法做出了贡献，为他探索社会生活的主观维度提供了丰富的理论基础。

Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, had the most significant influence on Schutz. Husserl’s emphasis on the structures of consciousness and the intentional nature of experience provided Schutz with the conceptual framework to examine how individuals perceive and interpret their social world. Husserl’s method of phenomenological reduction, which involves setting aside preconceived notions to focus on the pure experience of phenomena, was crucial for Schutz’s exploration of the life-world and intersubjectivity.
现象学的创始人埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl） 对舒茨的影响最为重大。胡塞尔对意识结构和经验的意向性本质的强调为舒茨提供了研究个人如何感知和解释其社会世界的概念框架。胡塞尔的现象学还原方法，包括抛开先入为主的观念，专注于对现象的纯粹体验，对于舒茨对生命世界和主体间性的探索至关重要。

Henri Bergson, a French philosopher known for his work on time and consciousness, also influenced Schutz’s thinking. Bergson’s distinction between the scientific, quantitative view of time (which he called “spatialized time”) and the subjective, qualitative experience of time (which he referred to as “duration”) resonated with Schutz. Bergson’s ideas on the fluid and dynamic nature of human experience helped Schutz develop his understanding of the lived experience and the temporal aspects of social interactions.
以时间和意识研究而闻名的法国哲学家亨利·柏格森 （Henri Bergson） 也影响了舒茨的思想。柏格森对科学、定量的时间观（他称之为“空间化时间”）和主观的、定性的时间体验（他称之为“持续时间”）的区分引起了舒茨的共鸣。柏格森关于人类经验的流动性和动态性的观点帮助舒茨发展了他对生活经验和社会互动的时间方面的理解。

Max Weber, a prominent sociologist and economist, provided Schutz with critical insights into the nature of social action and the role of meaning in human behavior. Weber’s work on the interpretive understanding of social action (Verstehen) and his concept of ideal types were instrumental in shaping Schutz’s approach to sociology. Schutz built on Weber’s ideas to develop his own theories on social reality and subjective meaning, emphasizing the importance of understanding the individual’s perspective within the social context.
著名的社会学家和经济学家马克斯·韦伯 （Max Weber） 为舒茨提供了关于社会行动的本质和意义在人类行为中的作用的重要见解。韦伯关于社会行动的解释性理解 （Verstehen） 和他的理想类型概念对塑造舒茨的社会学方法起到了重要作用。舒茨以韦伯的思想为基础，发展了他自己的关于社会现实和主观意义的理论，强调了在社会背景下理解个人观点的重要性。

Weber’s distinction between different types of social action—such as instrumental rationality, value rationality, affectual action, and traditional action—provided Schutz with a framework to analyze how individuals navigate and make sense of their social environment. Schutz’s work can be seen as an extension of Weber’s emphasis on the subjective dimensions of social action, incorporating phenomenological insights to deepen the analysis of how individuals construct and maintain their social reality.
韦伯对不同类型的社会行动（如工具理性、价值理性、情感行动和传统行动）进行了区分，为舒茨提供了一个框架来分析个人如何驾驭和理解他们的社会环境。舒茨的工作可以被视为韦伯强调社会行动主观维度的延伸，结合了现象学见解，以加深对个人如何构建和维持其社会现实的分析。

Alfred Schutz’s intellectual development was profoundly influenced by the works of Edmund Husserl, Henri Bergson, and Max Weber. These philosophers provided Schutz with the conceptual tools and theoretical insights to explore the subjective dimensions of social life, leading to his significant contributions to phenomenological sociology and our understanding of social reality.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的智力发展受到埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl）、亨利·柏格森 （Henri Bergson） 和马克斯·韦伯 （Max Weber） 作品的深刻影响。这些哲学家为舒茨提供了探索社会生活主观维度的概念工具和理论见解，从而对现象学社会学和我们对社会现实的理解做出了重大贡献。

The Basics of Phenomenology 现象学基础

Introduction to phenomenology 现象学导论

Phenomenology, a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 20th century, focuses on the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. Its primary goal is to investigate phenomena as they appear in our experience, laying bare the essential features of these phenomena and understanding how they manifest themselves to consciousness. This approach was pioneered by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl, whose work sought to establish a rigorous foundation for all sciences by examining the ways in which objects and events are presented to human awareness.
现象学是 20 世纪初兴起的一场哲学运动，专注于研究从第一人称视角体验的意识结构。它的主要目标是研究我们经验中出现的现象，揭示这些现象的基本特征，并了解它们如何表现在意识中。这种方法由德国哲学家埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl） 开创，他的工作旨在通过研究物体和事件呈现给人类意识的方式，寻求为所有科学建立严格的基础。

Phenomenology begins with the fundamental premise that we should set aside all preconceptions and natural attitudes about the world to examine our experiences directly. This process is known as the phenomenological reduction or epoché. By suspending our judgments about the external world, we can focus on the contents of our consciousness and the ways in which we experience the world around us. This method allows phenomenologists to explore the structures of consciousness and the intentionality that characterizes all acts of consciousness.
现象学从一个基本前提开始，即我们应该抛开对世界的所有先入之见和自然态度，直接审视我们的经验。这个过程被称为现象学还原或纪元。通过暂停我们对外部世界的判断，我们可以专注于我们意识的内容以及我们体验周围世界的方式。这种方法使现象学家能够探索意识的结构以及表征所有意识行为的意向性。

Intentionality, a core concept in phenomenology, refers to the directedness of consciousness toward objects. Every act of consciousness, whether it is perception, memory, imagination, or thought, is always about something. This directedness implies a relationship between the subject (the experiencer) and the object (the thing experienced). Husserl emphasized that understanding this intentional structure is crucial for comprehending how we construct our experiences and meaning.
意向性是现象学的一个核心概念，指的是意识对物体的直接性。每一个意识行为，无论是感知、记忆、想象还是思想，总是与某事有关。这种指向性意味着主体（体验者）和客体（所经历的事物）之间的关系。胡塞尔强调，理解这种意向性结构对于理解我们如何构建我们的体验和意义至关重要。

Phenomenology also delves into the concept of the life-world (Lebenswelt), which is the pre-theoretical, taken-for-granted world of everyday life. The life-world is the realm in which we conduct our daily activities, interact with others, and perceive the world in a practical, immediate manner. For phenomenologists, the life-world is the foundational layer of experience upon which all scientific and theoretical knowledge is built. It is within this realm that the basic structures of meaning and reality are constituted.
现象学还深入研究了生命世界 （Lebenswelt） 的概念，这是日常生活的前理论、理所当然的世界。生命世界是我们进行日常活动、与他人互动以及以实际、直接的方式感知世界的领域。对于现象学家来说，生命世界是所有科学和理论知识建立在经验的基础层。正是在这个领域中，意义和现实的基本结构被构成。

Edmund Husserl’s contributions 埃德蒙·胡塞尔的贡献

Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, made several groundbreaking contributions that laid the foundation for the movement. His work aimed to address the limitations of traditional empirical and positivist approaches to knowledge by focusing on the subjective dimensions of human experience.
现象学的创始人埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl） 做出了几项开创性的贡献，为该运动奠定了基础。他的工作旨在通过关注人类经验的主观维度来解决传统实证和实证主义知识方法的局限性。

One of Husserl’s key contributions is the concept of intentionality, which posits that consciousness is always directed toward an object. This notion challenges the idea that consciousness is a passive recipient of sensory inputs, suggesting instead that it is an active process of meaning-making. By examining the intentional structures of consciousness, Husserl sought to uncover the essential features of experiences and how they are constituted in our awareness.
胡塞尔的主要贡献之一是意向性概念，它假设意识总是指向一个对象。这个概念挑战了意识是感官输入的被动接收者的观点，相反，它表明它是一个积极的意义建构过程。通过研究意识的意向性结构，胡塞尔试图揭示经验的基本特征以及它们如何在我们的意识中构成。

Husserl also introduced the method of phenomenological reduction or epoché. This methodological approach involves suspending our natural attitudes and preconceptions about the world to focus on the pure experience of phenomena. By bracketing out our assumptions, we can investigate the fundamental structures of consciousness without the distortions introduced by our everyday beliefs and biases.
胡塞尔还引入了现象学还原或纪元的方法。这种方法涉及暂停我们对世界的自然态度和先入之见，专注于对现象的纯粹体验。通过排除我们的假设，我们可以研究意识的基本结构，而不会受到我们日常信念和偏见带来的扭曲。

Another significant contribution from Husserl is the idea of the transcendental ego, which refers to the pure, observing self that remains after all empirical content is stripped away. The transcendental ego is the source of all experiences and the foundation of all meaning. Husserl’s exploration of the transcendental ego aimed to reveal the invariant structures of consciousness that underlie all subjective experiences.
胡塞尔的另一个重要贡献是先验自我的思想，它指的是在所有经验内容被剥离后仍然存在的纯粹的、观察性的自我。超验的自我是所有经验的源泉，也是所有意义的基础。胡塞尔对先验自我的探索旨在揭示构成所有主观经验基础的意识的不变结构。

Husserl’s work also emphasized the importance of the life-world (Lebenswelt), the pre-theoretical realm of everyday experience. He argued that all scientific and theoretical knowledge is rooted in the life-world, and understanding this foundational layer is crucial for comprehending the full scope of human experience. The life-world is where we encounter the world in an immediate, practical manner, and it serves as the backdrop for all higher-order cognitive activities.
胡塞尔的工作还强调了生活世界 （Lebenswelt） 的重要性，即日常经验的前理论领域。他认为，所有的科学和理论知识都植根于生命世界，理解这一基础层对于理解人类经验的全部范围至关重要。生命世界是我们以直接、实用的方式与世界相遇的地方，它是所有高阶认知活动的背景。

Schutz’s adaptation of phenomenology to sociology 舒茨将现象学改编为社会学

Alfred Schutz was deeply influenced by Husserl’s phenomenology and sought to adapt these philosophical principles to the field of sociology. Schutz recognized that phenomenology’s focus on subjective experience and the structures of consciousness could provide valuable insights into the social world. By integrating phenomenological concepts into sociology, Schutz aimed to develop a deeper understanding of how individuals construct and maintain their social reality.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 深受胡塞尔现象学的影响，并试图将这些哲学原则应用于社会学领域。舒茨认识到，现象学对主观经验和意识结构的关注可以为社会世界提供有价值的见解。通过将现象学概念整合到社会学中，舒茨旨在更深入地了解个人如何构建和维护他们的社会现实。

Schutz adopted Husserl’s method of phenomenological reduction to explore the subjective experiences of individuals within the social context. He emphasized the need to bracket out preconceived notions about social structures and focus on how social actors perceive and interpret their interactions. This approach allowed Schutz to investigate the ways in which individuals construct meaning and navigate their social environments.
舒茨采用胡塞尔的现象学还原方法来探索社会背景下个体的主观经验。他强调需要摒弃关于社会结构的先入为主的观念，并关注社会行为者如何感知和解释他们的互动。这种方法使 Schutz 能够研究个人构建意义和驾驭其社会环境的方式。

One of Schutz’s significant contributions to sociology is his emphasis on the life-world as the primary realm of social reality. He argued that the life-world is where individuals encounter each other and the world in an immediate, practical manner. By examining the life-world, Schutz sought to uncover the basic structures of social experience and the processes through which individuals make sense of their actions and interactions.
舒茨对社会学的重大贡献之一是他强调生活世界是社会现实的主要领域。他认为，生命世界是个人以直接、实际的方式彼此相遇和与世界相遇的地方。通过研究生活世界，舒茨试图揭示社会经验的基本结构以及个人理解其行为和互动的过程。

Schutz also expanded on Husserl’s concept of intentionality by examining how individuals direct their consciousness toward social objects and events. He explored how people’s perceptions and interpretations of their experiences shape their social reality. This focus on the intentional nature of social action allowed Schutz to analyze how individuals ascribe meaning to their interactions and how these meanings are negotiated within the social context.
舒茨还通过研究个人如何将他们的意识引导到社会对象和事件中，扩展了胡塞尔的意向性概念。他探讨了人们对自己经历的看法和解释如何塑造他们的社会现实。这种对社会行动的意向性本质的关注使 Schutz 能够分析个人如何为他们的互动赋予意义，以及这些意义如何在社会环境中进行协商。

Another important adaptation of phenomenology by Schutz is his concept of typifications and recipes. Typifications are generalized categories that individuals use to understand and navigate the social world. These typifications are built from past experiences and social interactions, forming a stock of knowledge that guides future behavior. Recipes are practical guides for action in routine situations, providing individuals with frameworks for how to behave in various contexts.
舒茨对现象学的另一个重要改编是他对类型化和食谱的概念。类型化是个人用来理解和浏览社交世界的广义类别。这些类型化是建立在过去经验和社会互动的基础上的，形成了指导未来行为的知识储备。食谱是日常情况下行动的实用指南，为个人提供了在各种情况下如何表现的框架。

Schutz’s adaptation of phenomenology to sociology involved applying phenomenological principles to the study of social reality. By focusing on subjective experiences, intentionality, and the life-world, Schutz developed a robust framework for understanding how individuals construct and maintain their social reality. His work has had a lasting impact on the field of sociology, influencing various theoretical and methodological approaches to studying social phenomena.
舒茨将现象学改编为社会学，涉及将现象学原则应用于社会现实的研究。通过关注主观体验、意向性和生活世界，舒茨开发了一个强大的框架来理解个人如何构建和维持他们的社会现实。他的工作对社会学领域产生了持久的影响，影响了研究社会现象的各种理论和方法。

Schutz’s Biographical Background 舒茨的生平背景

Early life in Vienna 维也纳的早年生活

Alfred Schutz was born on April 13, 1899, in Vienna, Austria, into a middle-class Jewish family. Vienna at the turn of the 20th century was a vibrant cultural and intellectual hub, which significantly influenced Schutz’s upbringing and early education. The city was home to a flourishing intellectual scene, with prominent figures such as Sigmund Freud, Gustav Mahler, and Ludwig Wittgenstein contributing to its rich cultural tapestry.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 于 1899 年 4 月 13 日出生于奥地利维也纳的一个中产阶级犹太家庭。20 世纪之交的维也纳是一个充满活力的文化和知识中心，对舒茨的成长和早期教育产生了重大影响。这座城市是繁荣的知识分子的所在地，西格蒙德·弗洛伊德、古斯塔夫·马勒和路德维希·维特根斯坦等杰出人物为其丰富的文化图画做出了贡献。

Schutz’s early education took place in this intellectually stimulating environment. He attended the prestigious Theresianum, a renowned secondary school in Vienna, where he excelled academically. His interest in literature, music, and philosophy was nurtured during these formative years. Schutz was an avid reader and showed a keen interest in understanding the complexities of human existence, a curiosity that would later shape his intellectual pursuits.
舒茨的早期教育就是在这个充满智力刺激的环境中进行的。他就读于维也纳著名的 Theresianum 中学，在那里他取得了优异的成绩。在这些成长的岁月里，他对文学、音乐和哲学的兴趣得到了培养。舒茨是一个狂热的读者，对理解人类存在的复杂性表现出浓厚的兴趣，这种好奇心后来塑造了他的学术追求。

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 had a profound impact on Schutz’s life. At the age of 17, he enlisted in the Austrian army and served as a lieutenant in the artillery division. The war exposed him to the harsh realities of life and death, and the traumatic experiences he endured on the front lines influenced his later philosophical and sociological inquiries. Schutz’s wartime experiences heightened his awareness of the fragility of human existence and the importance of understanding individual experiences within broader social contexts.
1914 年第一次世界大战的爆发对舒茨的一生产生了深远的影响。17 岁时，他应征入伍，并在炮兵师担任中尉。战争使他接触到生与死的严酷现实，他在前线所遭受的创伤经历影响了他后来的哲学和社会学探索。舒茨的战时经历提高了他对人类存在的脆弱性以及在更广泛的社会背景下理解个人经历的重要性的认识。

Career in banking and transition to sociology 从事银行业工作并过渡到社会学

After the war, Schutz resumed his studies at the University of Vienna, where he initially pursued a degree in law. He completed his doctorate in law in 1921 and began working in the banking industry. His career as a banker provided financial stability and allowed him to support his family, but it did not fulfill his deeper intellectual and existential needs.
战后，舒茨在维也纳大学继续深造，最初在那里攻读法学学位。他于 1921 年获得法学博士学位，并开始在银行业工作。他的银行家职业为他提供了稳定的财务，使他能够养家糊口，但这并没有满足他更深层次的智力和存在需求。

Despite his professional commitments, Schutz continued to pursue his intellectual interests. He became involved with various intellectual circles in Vienna, including the Austrian School of Economics. Schutz was particularly influenced by the works of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, who were leading figures in the Austrian School. His engagement with these economists broadened his understanding of social action and the role of individual agency in economic behavior.
尽管他的专业承诺，舒茨继续追求他的学术兴趣。他参与了维也纳的各种知识界，包括奥地利经济学院。舒茨尤其受到奥地利学派领军人物路德维希·冯·米塞斯 （Ludwig von Mises） 和弗里德里希·哈耶克 （Friedrich Hayek） 著作的影响。他与这些经济学家的接触拓宽了他对社会行动和个人能动性在经济行为中的作用的理解。

Schutz’s intellectual curiosity led him to explore the works of Max Weber and Edmund Husserl. He was drawn to Weber’s theories of social action and the interpretive understanding of human behavior (Verstehen). Weber’s emphasis on the subjective dimensions of social action resonated with Schutz’s own interests in understanding individual experiences within the social world.
舒茨对知识的好奇心促使他探索了马克斯·韦伯 （Max Weber） 和埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl） 的作品。他被韦伯的社会行动理论和对人类行为的解释性理解所吸引 （Verstehen）。韦伯对社会行动主观维度的强调与舒茨自己在理解社会世界中的个人经验的兴趣产生了共鸣。

Simultaneously, Schutz delved into Husserl’s phenomenology, which provided him with the conceptual tools to examine the structures of consciousness and the intentionality that underlies human experience. The integration of these philosophical insights with his sociological interests marked the beginning of Schutz’s transition from banking to academia.
与此同时，舒茨深入研究了胡塞尔的现象学，这为他提供了研究意识结构和人类经验基础的意向性的概念工具。这些哲学见解与他的社会学兴趣相结合，标志着舒茨从银行业过渡到学术界的开始。

In 1932, Schutz published his seminal work, “The Phenomenology of the Social World,” which established him as a significant figure in the field of sociology. This work was a critical examination of social action and subjective experience, drawing heavily on the phenomenological philosophy of Husserl and the sociological theories of Weber. The publication of this book marked a turning point in Schutz’s career, solidifying his commitment to academic research and teaching.
1932 年，舒茨出版了他的开创性著作《社会世界现象学》，这使他成为社会学领域的重要人物。这部作品是对社会行动和主观经验的批判性考察，大量借鉴了胡塞尔的现象学哲学和韦伯的社会学理论。这本书的出版标志着舒茨职业生涯的一个转折点，巩固了他对学术研究和教学的承诺。

Emigration to the United States and work at the New School for Social Research 移民美国并在新社会研究学院工作

The rise of Nazism in Europe posed a significant threat to Schutz and his family. As a Jewish intellectual, Schutz faced increasing persecution and danger. In 1939, he made the difficult decision to emigrate to the United States. He settled in New York City, where he took up a position at the New School for Social Research. The New School, known for its progressive and interdisciplinary approach to education, provided a conducive environment for Schutz’s academic work.
纳粹主义在欧洲的崛起对舒茨和他的家人构成了重大威胁。作为一名犹太知识分子，舒茨面临着越来越多的迫害和危险。1939 年，他做出了移民美国的艰难决定。他定居在纽约市，并在新社会研究学院 （New School for Social Research） 任职。新学院以其进步和跨学科的教育方法而闻名，为 Schutz 的学术工作提供了有利的环境。

Despite the challenges of adapting to a new country and culture, Schutz continued to develop his sociological theories and engaged with a new generation of scholars. At the New School, he collaborated with other prominent intellectuals, including Hans Jonas, Leo Strauss, and Hannah Arendt. This period of intellectual exchange and collaboration further enriched Schutz’s work and contributed to his growing influence in the field of sociology.
尽管适应新的国家和文化面临挑战，舒茨继续发展他的社会学理论，并与新一代学者互动。在新学院，他与其他杰出的知识分子合作，包括汉斯·乔纳斯、列奥·施特劳斯和汉娜·阿伦特。这段知识交流和合作时期进一步丰富了舒茨的工作，并为他在社会学领域的影响力不断增长做出了贡献。

Schutz’s dual career as a banker and an academic continued until 1956, when he decided to focus entirely on his academic work. He became a full-time professor at the New School and dedicated his efforts to teaching and writing. During this period, Schutz produced a significant body of work, including numerous essays and articles that expanded on his initial theories and addressed various aspects of social reality and subjective experience.
舒茨作为银行家和学者的双重职业生涯一直持续到 1956 年，当时他决定完全专注于他的学术工作。他成为新学院的全职教授，并致力于教学和写作。在此期间，舒茨创作了大量作品，包括许多散文和文章，这些文章和文章扩展了他最初的理论，并探讨了社会现实和主观经验的各个方面。

Alfred Schutz passed away on May 20, 1959, but his contributions to sociology and phenomenology have had a lasting impact. His work laid the foundation for future developments in sociological theory and methodology, particularly in the areas of ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and social constructionism. Schutz’s emphasis on the subjective experience of social reality continues to resonate with scholars and researchers, making him a central figure in the field of sociology.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 于 1959 年 5 月 20 日去世，但他对社会学和现象学的贡献产生了持久的影响。他的工作为社会学理论和方法论的未来发展奠定了基础，特别是在民族方法论、对话分析和社会建构主义领域。舒茨对社会现实主观体验的强调继续引起学者和研究人员的共鸣，使他成为社会学领域的核心人物。

The Ideas of Edmund Husserl 埃德蒙·胡塞尔的思想

Husserl’s philosophy and its impact on Schutz 胡塞尔的哲学及其对舒茨的影响

Edmund Husserl, often regarded as the father of phenomenology, developed a philosophical approach that profoundly influenced Alfred Schutz and his work. Husserl’s phenomenology was aimed at establishing a rigorous scientific foundation for all knowledge by examining the structures of consciousness and the intentionality that characterizes all acts of consciousness.
埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl） 通常被视为现象学之父，他发展了一种哲学方法，对阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 和他的工作产生了深远的影响。胡塞尔的现象学旨在通过研究意识的结构和表征所有意识行为的意向性，为所有知识建立严格的科学基础。

Husserl’s concept of intentionality, which posits that consciousness is always directed toward an object, was central to his philosophy. This idea challenged the traditional view of consciousness as a passive recipient of sensory inputs, suggesting instead that consciousness is an active process of meaning-making. For Husserl, understanding this intentional structure was crucial for comprehending how we construct our experiences and meanings.
胡塞尔的意向性概念，即意识总是指向一个对象，是他哲学的核心。这个想法挑战了将意识视为感官输入的被动接收者的传统观点，相反，它认为意识是一个积极的意义构建过程。对胡塞尔来说，理解这种意向性结构对于理解我们如何构建我们的经验和意义至关重要。

Husserl also introduced the method of phenomenological reduction or epoché, which involves suspending our natural attitudes and preconceptions about the world to focus on the pure experience of phenomena. This methodological approach allows phenomenologists to investigate the fundamental structures of consciousness without the distortions introduced by everyday beliefs and biases.
胡塞尔还引入了现象学还原或纪元的方法，该方法涉及暂停我们对世界的自然态度和先入之见，专注于对现象的纯粹体验。这种方法使现象学家能够研究意识的基本结构，而不会受到日常信仰和偏见带来的扭曲。

Another significant contribution from Husserl is the idea of the transcendental ego, which refers to the pure, observing self that remains after all empirical content is stripped away. The transcendental ego is the source of all experiences and the foundation of all meaning. Husserl’s exploration of the transcendental ego aimed to reveal the invariant structures of consciousness that underlie all subjective experiences.
胡塞尔的另一个重要贡献是先验自我的思想，它指的是在所有经验内容被剥离后仍然存在的纯粹的、观察性的自我。超验的自我是所有经验的源泉，也是所有意义的基础。胡塞尔对先验自我的探索旨在揭示构成所有主观经验基础的意识的不变结构。

Husserl’s emphasis on the life-world (Lebenswelt), the pre-theoretical realm of everyday experience, was also influential for Schutz. Husserl argued that all scientific and theoretical knowledge is rooted in the life-world, and understanding this foundational layer is crucial for comprehending the full scope of human experience. The life-world is where we encounter the world in an immediate, practical manner, and it serves as the backdrop for all higher-order cognitive activities.
胡塞尔对生活世界 （Lebenswelt） 的强调，即日常经验的前理论领域，也对舒茨产生了影响。胡塞尔认为，所有的科学和理论知识都植根于生命世界，理解这一基础层对于理解人类经验的全部范围至关重要。生命世界是我们以直接、实用的方式与世界相遇的地方，它是所有高阶认知活动的背景。

Key concepts: intentionality, transcendental ego, natural attitude 关键概念：意向性、超验自我、自然态度

Husserl’s philosophy introduced several key concepts that became foundational for phenomenology and had a significant impact on Schutz’s work. These concepts include intentionality, the transcendental ego, and the natural attitude.
胡塞尔的哲学引入了几个关键概念，这些概念成为现象学的基础，并对舒茨的工作产生了重大影响。这些概念包括意向性、超验自我和自然态度。

Intentionality is the notion that consciousness is always directed toward an object. This directedness implies a relationship between the subject (the experiencer) and the object (the thing experienced). Husserl emphasized that understanding this intentional structure is crucial for comprehending how we construct our experiences and meaning. For Schutz, this concept was essential for examining how individuals direct their consciousness toward social objects and events and how these perceptions shape their social reality.
意向性是意识总是指向一个对象的概念。这种指向性意味着主体（体验者）和客体（所经历的事物）之间的关系。胡塞尔强调，理解这种意向性结构对于理解我们如何构建我们的体验和意义至关重要。对舒茨来说，这个概念对于研究个人如何将他们的意识引导到社会对象和事件以及这些感知如何塑造他们的社会现实至关重要。

The transcendental ego refers to the pure, observing self that remains after all empirical content is stripped away. This concept is central to Husserl’s phenomenology, as it represents the source of all experiences and the foundation of all meaning. By focusing on the transcendental ego, phenomenologists can uncover the invariant structures of consciousness that underlie all subjective experiences. Schutz adopted this idea to explore the foundational structures of social experience and the processes through which individuals make sense of their actions and interactions.
超验自我是指在所有经验内容被剥离后仍然存在的纯粹的、观察性的自我。这个概念是胡塞尔现象学的核心，因为它代表了所有经验的来源和所有意义的基础。通过关注先验自我，现象学家可以揭示构成所有主观体验基础的意识的不变结构。舒茨采用这一想法来探索社会经验的基本结构以及个人理解其行为和互动的过程。

The natural attitude is the taken-for-granted, everyday perspective that individuals adopt in their interactions with the world. In this state, people accept the existence and nature of objects and events without question. Husserl argued that the natural attitude must be suspended through the process of phenomenological reduction to focus on the pure experience of phenomena. Schutz applied this idea to sociology by emphasizing the need to bracket out preconceived notions about social structures and focus on how social actors perceive and interpret their interactions.
自然的态度是个人在与世界互动时采用的理所当然的日常观点。在这种状态下，人们毫无疑问地接受物体和事件的存在和本质。胡塞尔认为，自然态度必须通过现象学的简化过程来暂停，以专注于现象的纯粹体验。舒茨将这一思想应用于社会学，强调需要排除关于社会结构的先入为主的观念，并关注社会行为者如何感知和解释他们的互动。

Husserl’s scientific phenomenology 胡塞尔的科学现象学

Husserl’s scientific phenomenology aimed to establish phenomenology as a rigorous scientific discipline. He believed that by examining the structures of consciousness and the intentionality that characterizes all acts of consciousness, phenomenologists could uncover the essential features of experiences and how they are constituted in our awareness. This approach sought to address the limitations of traditional empirical and positivist methodologies by focusing on the subjective dimensions of human experience.
胡塞尔的科学现象学旨在将现象学确立为一门严格的科学学科。他相信，通过研究意识的结构和表征所有意识行为的意向性，现象学家可以揭示经验的基本特征以及它们如何在我们的意识中构成。这种方法试图通过关注人类经验的主观维度来解决传统实证和实证主义方法的局限性。

Husserl’s commitment to scientific phenomenology involved a systematic and critical examination of consciousness and its structures. He argued that phenomenologists should aim to penetrate the various layers constructed by actors in the social world to get to the essential structure of consciousness, the transcendental ego. By doing so, phenomenologists could reveal the basic and invariant properties of human consciousness.
胡塞尔对科学现象学的承诺包括对意识及其结构进行系统和批判性的检查。他认为，现象学家应该致力于渗透社会世界中行为者构建的各个层次，以达到意识的基本结构，即先验自我。通过这样做，现象学家可以揭示人类意识的基本和不变特性。

Husserl’s emphasis on rigorous methodology and systematic inquiry influenced Schutz’s approach to sociology. Schutz adopted Husserl’s scientific phenomenology to explore the subjective experiences of individuals within the social context. By focusing on the intentional structures of consciousness and the life-world, Schutz aimed to develop a deeper understanding of how individuals construct and maintain their social reality.
胡塞尔对严谨方法论和系统探究的强调影响了舒茨的社会学方法。舒茨采用胡塞尔的科学现象学来探索个人在社会背景下的主观经验。通过关注意识和生活世界的有意识结构，舒茨旨在更深入地理解个人如何构建和维持他们的社会现实。

Science and the Social World 科学与社会世界

Schutz’s view on phenomenology as a rigorous science 舒茨将现象学视为一门严谨的科学

Alfred Schutz’s work on phenomenology as a rigorous science was pivotal in establishing the scientific credibility of his sociological approach. Schutz argued that phenomenology is not based on uncontrolled intuition or metaphysical speculation but is a systematic and critical method for studying the social world. He believed that phenomenology’s emphasis on subjective experience and the structures of consciousness provided a valuable framework for understanding social phenomena.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 将现象学作为一门严谨的科学研究，对于建立其社会学方法的科学可信度至关重要。舒茨认为，现象学不是基于不受控制的直觉或形而上学的思辨，而是研究社会世界的一种系统和批判性的方法。他认为现象学对主观经验和意识结构的强调为理解社会现象提供了一个有价值的框架。

For Schutz, phenomenology offered a way to investigate the foundational structures of social reality by focusing on how individuals perceive and interpret their experiences. He argued that traditional social science often overlooked the subjective dimensions of human experience and relied too heavily on objective, quantitative methods. By incorporating phenomenological principles, Schutz sought to address these limitations and develop a more comprehensive understanding of social life.
对舒茨来说，现象学提供了一种通过关注个人如何感知和解释他们的经历来研究社会现实的基本结构的方法。他认为，传统的社会科学经常忽视人类经验的主观维度，过于依赖客观的定量方法。通过结合现象学原理，舒茨试图解决这些局限性，并对社会生活有更全面的理解。

Schutz’s commitment to rigorous science involved the construction of theoretical and conceptual models to understand the subjective meaning structures that underpin social interactions. He believed that social scientists should aim to develop models that accurately reflect the lived experiences of individuals in the social world. This approach required a systematic examination of the intentional structures of consciousness and the life-world, as well as the processes through which individuals construct and maintain their social reality.
舒茨对严谨科学的承诺涉及构建理论和概念模型，以理解支撑社会互动的主观意义结构。他认为，社会科学家应该致力于开发准确反映社会世界中个人生活经历的模型。这种方法需要系统地检查意识和生活世界的意向结构，以及个人构建和维护其社会现实的过程。

Distinctions between the life-world and scientific world 生命世界和科学世界之间的区别

One of Schutz’s significant contributions was distinguishing between the life-world and the scientific world. The life-world is the pre-theoretical realm of everyday experience, where individuals encounter the world in an immediate, practical manner. It is characterized by the natural attitude, in which people take the existence and nature of objects and events for granted. The life-world is the foundation of all meaning and reality for individuals, and it serves as the backdrop for all higher-order cognitive activities.
舒茨的重大贡献之一是区分生命世界和科学世界。生活世界是日常经验的前理论领域，个人在这里以直接、实际的方式与世界相遇。它的特点是自然的态度，人们认为物体和事件的存在和性质是理所当然的。生命世界是个人所有意义和现实的基础，它是所有高阶认知活动的背景。

In contrast, the scientific world is a realm of detached observation and theoretical abstraction. It involves the systematic and critical examination of phenomena to develop theoretical and conceptual models. Schutz argued that social scientists must operate within the scientific world, adopting a detached and objective perspective to study social phenomena. This approach requires bracketing out preconceived notions and focusing on the structures of consciousness and the intentionality that underlies human experience.
相比之下，科学世界是一个超然的观察和理论抽象的领域。它涉及对现象进行系统和批判性的检查，以开发理论和概念模型。舒茨认为，社会科学家必须在科学界运作，采用超然和客观的视角来研究社会现象。这种方法需要摒弃先入为主的观念，专注于意识的结构和人类经验背后的意向性。

By distinguishing between the life-world and the scientific world, Schutz highlighted the importance of understanding the subjective experiences of individuals while maintaining a rigorous scientific approach. He believed that social scientists should aim to develop models that accurately reflect the lived experiences of individuals in the life-world while adhering to the methodological rigor of the scientific world.
通过区分生活世界和科学世界，舒茨强调了在保持严格的科学方法的同时理解个人主观经验的重要性。他认为，社会科学家应该致力于开发准确反映个人在生活世界中生活经历的模型，同时坚持科学世界的方法论严谨性。

Objective and subjective meaning contexts 客观和主观意义语境

Schutz’s exploration of objective and subjective meaning contexts was central to his phenomenological sociology. He distinguished between subjective meanings, which are the personal interpretations that individuals ascribe to their experiences, and objective meanings, which are the shared, socially constructed understandings that exist within the broader culture.
舒茨对客观和主观意义语境的探索是他的现象学社会学的核心。他区分了主观意义和客观意义，前者是个人对其经验的个人解释，后者是存在于更广泛文化中的共同的、社会建构的理解。

Subjective meanings are the individual’s unique perceptions and interpretations of their experiences. These meanings are shaped by the person’s biographical situation, personal history, and intentionality. Schutz argued that understanding these subjective meanings is crucial for comprehending how individuals navigate their social world and make sense of their interactions.
主观意义是个人对其经历的独特感知和解释。这些含义是由这个人的传记情况、个人历史和意向性塑造的。舒茨认为，理解这些主观含义对于理解个人如何驾驭他们的社会世界和理解他们的互动至关重要。

Objective meanings, on the other hand, are the shared, socially constructed understandings that exist within a culture. These meanings are formed through social interactions and are embedded in the collective consciousness of a society. Schutz believed that social scientists should aim to uncover these objective meanings to develop a deeper understanding of social reality.
另一方面，客观意义是存在于文化中的共享的、社会建构的理解。这些意义是通过社会互动形成的，并嵌入到社会的集体意识中。舒茨认为，社会科学家应该致力于揭示这些客观含义，以更深入地理解社会现实。

By examining both subjective and objective meanings, Schutz sought to develop a comprehensive framework for understanding social phenomena. He believed that social scientists should aim to capture the subjective perspectives of individuals while also considering the broader, socially constructed meanings that shape their experiences. This approach allows for a more nuanced and holistic understanding of social reality.
通过研究主观和客观意义，舒茨试图建立一个理解社会现象的综合框架。他认为，社会科学家应该致力于捕捉个人的主观观点，同时也要考虑塑造他们经历的更广泛的、社会建构的意义。这种方法允许对社会现实进行更细致和全面的理解。

Typifications and Recipes 类型化和食谱

Definition and role of typifications in everyday life 类型化在日常生活中的定义和作用

Central to Alfred Schutz’s sociological theory is the concept of typifications, which are generalized categories that individuals use to understand and navigate the social world. Typifications allow people to categorize experiences, objects, and other individuals in ways that make everyday life manageable and predictable. These categories are built from past experiences and social interactions, forming a stock of knowledge that guides future behavior.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 社会学理论的核心是类型化的概念，这是个人用来理解和驾驭社会世界的广义类别。类型化允许人们以使日常生活可管理和可预测的方式对体验、对象和其他个人进行分类。这些类别是根据过去的经验和社会互动构建的，形成了指导未来行为的知识储备。

Typifications are essential for simplifying the complexities of social life. They enable individuals to make sense of their surroundings and interact with others without needing to constantly reassess each new situation from scratch. For instance, when someone sees a person in a white coat at a hospital, they may immediately typify that person as a doctor, bringing with it a set of expectations and behaviors appropriate to that role.
类型化对于简化社会生活的复杂性至关重要。它们使个人能够理解周围的环境并与他人互动，而无需不断从头开始重新评估每个新情况。例如，当有人在医院看到一个穿着白大褂的人时，他们可能会立即将这个人归类为医生，从而带来一系列适合该角色的期望和行为。

Typifications are not fixed but are continually updated and modified based on new experiences and interactions. They are socially derived and socially approved, meaning that they are influenced by cultural norms and social structures. This process of typification allows individuals to navigate their social environments effectively, using a shared stock of knowledge that is widely recognized and understood within a given culture.
类型化不是固定的，而是根据新的体验和交互不断更新和修改。他们是社会衍生的和社会认可的，这意味着他们受到文化规范和社会结构的影响。这种类型化过程使个人能够有效地驾驭他们的社会环境，使用在特定文化中被广泛认可和理解的共享知识库。

The concept of recipes and how they guide action 配方的概念及其如何指导行动

Closely related to typifications are what Schutz called “recipes,” which are practical guides for action in routine situations. Recipes provide individuals with frameworks for how to behave in various contexts without requiring extensive deliberation each time. They are like mental scripts or instructions that individuals follow to handle everyday tasks and interactions.
与类型化密切相关的是舒茨所说的“食谱”，这是在日常情况下采取行动的实用指南。Recipes 为个人提供了如何在各种环境中表现的框架，而无需每次都进行广泛的考虑。它们就像个人处理日常任务和互动时遵循的心理脚本或指令。

For example, consider the social interaction of greeting someone. The typical exchange of “How are you?” followed by “Fine, and you?” is a recipe that simplifies the interaction, allowing both parties to navigate the situation smoothly without needing to think deeply about what to say. Recipes streamline social interactions, making them more efficient and predictable.
例如，考虑问候某人的社交互动。典型的“How are you？”然后是“Fine， and you？”的交流是一种简化互动的方法，让双方都能顺利地驾驭这种情况，而无需深入思考该说什么。食谱简化了社交互动，使其更加高效和可预测。

Recipes are particularly important in the life-world, where individuals engage in practical, everyday activities. They enable people to perform tasks and interact with others in a way that is consistent with social norms and expectations. By following recipes, individuals can focus their cognitive resources on more complex or novel situations that require greater attention and deliberation.
食谱在生活世界中尤为重要，因为个人在生活中从事实际的日常活动。它们使人们能够以符合社会规范和期望的方式执行任务并与他人互动。通过遵循食谱，个人可以将他们的认知资源集中在需要更多关注和深思熟虑的更复杂或新奇的情况上。

Like typifications, recipes are socially derived and are part of the collective stock of knowledge. They are passed down through socialization and are reinforced through repeated use. While recipes are generally reliable, they are not infallible. When individuals encounter situations where their usual recipes do not apply or fail, they must adapt and develop new ways of dealing with the situation.
就像类型化一样，食谱是社会衍生的，是集体知识储备的一部分。它们通过社会化传递，并通过重复使用得到加强。虽然食谱通常是可靠的，但它们并非万无一失。当个人遇到他们通常的食谱不适用或失败的情况时，他们必须适应并开发新的处理方式。

The creation and modification of typifications 类型化的创建和修改

Typifications are not static; they are continually created, maintained, and modified based on new experiences and social interactions. This dynamic process is essential for adapting to changes in the social environment and for dealing with novel situations.
类型化不是静态的;它们会根据新的体验和社交互动不断创建、维护和修改。这个动态过程对于适应社会环境的变化和处理新情况至关重要。

The creation of typifications begins with individual experiences. When a person encounters a new object, event, or interaction, they compare it to their existing stock of knowledge and determine how it fits into their understanding of the world. If the experience is novel, they may create a new typification or modify an existing one to incorporate the new information.
类型化的创造始于个人经历。当一个人遇到新的对象、事件或交互时，他们会将其与现有的知识储备进行比较，并确定它如何适应他们对世界的理解。如果体验是新颖的，他们可能会创建一个新的类型或修改现有的类型以纳入新信息。

Social interactions play a crucial role in the maintenance and modification of typifications. Through communication and interaction with others, individuals share their experiences and learn from the experiences of others. This collective process helps to standardize typifications within a culture, ensuring that they are widely recognized and understood.
社交互动在类型和修改类型中起着至关重要的作用。通过与他人的交流和互动，个人分享他们的经验并从他人的经验中学习。这个集体过程有助于标准化文化中的类型化，确保它们得到广泛认可和理解。

Cultural norms and social structures also influence the creation and modification of typifications. Societal changes, such as shifts in technology, politics, or social values, can lead to the development of new typifications or the reevaluation of existing ones. For example, the advent of the internet and social media has introduced new typifications related to online behavior and digital identities.
文化规范和社会结构也影响类型化的创造和修改。社会变化，例如技术、政治或社会价值观的转变，可能导致新类型的发展或对现有类型的重新评估。例如，互联网和社交媒体的出现引入了与在线行为和数字身份相关的新类型。

Typifications and recipes are essential components of Schutz’s phenomenological sociology. They provide individuals with the tools to navigate their social world effectively, making everyday life manageable and predictable. By understanding the processes through which typifications and recipes are created, maintained, and modified, we can gain deeper insights into the complexities of social life and the ways individuals construct and maintain their social reality.
类型化和配方是舒茨现象学社会学的重要组成部分。它们为个人提供了有效驾驭社交世界的工具，使日常生活变得可控和可预测。通过了解类型化和食谱的创建、维护和修改过程，我们可以更深入地了解社会生活的复杂性以及个人构建和维护其社会现实的方式。

The Life-World (Lebenswelt) 生命世界 （Lebenswelt）

Characteristics of the life-world 生命世界的特征

The life-world (Lebenswelt), a concept borrowed from Edmund Husserl and central to Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological sociology, refers to the pre-theoretical, taken-for-granted realm of everyday experience. It is the world in which individuals conduct their daily activities, interact with others, and perceive the world in a practical, immediate manner. The life-world is characterized by several key features that make it distinct from other realms of experience.
生命世界 （Lebenswelt） 是一个借用埃德蒙·胡塞尔 （Edmund Husserl） 的概念，也是阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 现象学社会学的核心，指的是日常经验的前理论、理所当然的领域。在这个世界里，个人可以进行日常活动，与他人互动，并以实际、直接的方式感知世界。生命世界的特点是几个关键特征，使其有别于其他经验领域。

First, the life-world is the realm of the natural attitude, where individuals accept the existence and nature of objects and events without question. In this state, people take for granted that the world is as it appears and engage with it in a straightforward, unreflective manner. This acceptance allows individuals to navigate their environment efficiently, relying on their practical knowledge and skills.
首先，生命世界是自然态度的领域，个人毫无疑问地接受物体和事件的存在和性质。在这种状态下，人们理所当然地认为世界就是它所呈现的，并以一种直截了当、不加反思的方式与之互动。这种接受使个人能够依靠他们的实践知识和技能有效地驾驭他们的环境。

Second, the life-world is inherently social. It is populated by other individuals with whom we interact and share our experiences. These interactions are governed by social norms, customs, and expectations that provide structure and coherence to our daily lives. The life-world is where social relationships are formed and maintained, and where individuals engage in various social roles and activities.
其次，生活世界本质上是社会性的。它由我们与之互动和分享经验的其他人组成。这些互动受社会规范、习俗和期望的支配，为我们的日常生活提供了结构和连贯性。生活世界是形成和维持社会关系的地方，也是个人参与各种社会角色和活动的地方。

Third, the life-world is characterized by a specific tension of consciousness, which Schutz described as “wide-awakeness.” This state involves full attention to the demands and requirements of life, allowing individuals to respond effectively to the situations they encounter. Wide-awakeness contrasts with other states of consciousness, such as dreaming or daydreaming, where attention is not fully engaged with the external world.
第三，生命世界的特点是意识的特定张力，舒茨将其描述为“大清醒”。这种状态涉及对生活的需求和要求的充分关注，使个人能够有效地应对他们遇到的情况。完全清醒与其他意识状态形成鲜明对比，例如做梦或做白日梦，在这些状态中，注意力没有完全与外部世界互动。

Fourth, the life-world is a world of practical action. It is where individuals engage in work and other activities that involve manipulating and interacting with objects and other people. These actions are guided by typifications and recipes, which provide practical guides for how to behave in various situations. The life-world is the realm of the immediate, the concrete, and the practical, where individuals focus on achieving their goals and fulfilling their responsibilities.
第四，生命世界是一个充满实际行动的世界。它是个人从事涉及操纵物体和其他人并与之互动的工作和其他活动的地方。这些操作以类型化和配方为指导，它们为如何在各种情况下的行为提供了实用指南。生活世界是直接的、具体的和实际的领域，个人专注于实现他们的目标和履行他们的责任。

The natural attitude and its implications 自然的态度及其影响

The natural attitude is a fundamental aspect of the life-world. It refers to the unreflective, taken-for-granted perspective that individuals adopt in their everyday interactions with the world. In this state, people accept the existence and nature of objects and events without question, engaging with them in a straightforward and practical manner. The natural attitude allows individuals to navigate their environment efficiently, relying on their practical knowledge and skills.
自然的态度是生活世界的一个基本方面。它指的是个人在与世界的日常互动中采用的不反思、理所当然的观点。在这种状态下，人们毫无疑问地接受物体和事件的存在和性质，以直接和实用的方式与它们互动。自然的态度使个人能够依靠他们的实践知识和技能有效地驾驭他们的环境。

The natural attitude has several important implications for understanding social reality. First, it enables individuals to focus on practical tasks and interactions without being distracted by philosophical or theoretical concerns. By taking the world for granted, people can devote their attention to the immediate demands of their environment and respond effectively to the situations they encounter.
自然态度对理解社会现实有几个重要意义。首先，它使个人能够专注于实际任务和互动，而不会被哲学或理论问题分心。通过将世界视为理所当然，人们可以将注意力集中在环境的直接需求上，并有效地应对他们遇到的情况。

Second, the natural attitude provides a sense of stability and predictability to everyday life. By accepting the world as it appears, individuals can rely on their stock of knowledge, typifications, and recipes to guide their actions. This reliance on shared knowledge and practices helps to maintain social order and cohesion, allowing individuals to coordinate their actions and interact smoothly with others.
其次，自然的态度为日常生活提供了一种稳定感和可预测性。通过接受世界的外表，个人可以依靠他们的知识储备、类型化和食谱来指导他们的行动。这种对共享知识和实践的依赖有助于维护社会秩序和凝聚力，使个人能够协调他们的行动并与他人顺利互动。

Third, the natural attitude is the foundation of social reality. It is within this realm that individuals construct and maintain their social world, engaging in interactions and activities that give meaning and structure to their lives. The natural attitude is where social relationships are formed and maintained, and where individuals fulfill their social roles and responsibilities.
第三，自然的态度是社会现实的基础。正是在这个领域内，个人构建和维护他们的社交世界，参与为他们的生活赋予意义和结构的互动和活动。自然的态度是形成和维持社会关系的地方，也是个人履行其社会角色和责任的地方。

However, the natural attitude can also be a source of bias and distortion. By taking the world for granted, individuals may overlook or ignore aspects of reality that do not fit their existing typifications and recipes. This can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts, as well as the perpetuation of social inequalities and injustices. To address these limitations, Schutz emphasized the importance of phenomenological reduction, or epoché, which involves suspending the natural attitude to focus on the pure experience of phenomena.
然而，自然的态度也可能是偏见和扭曲的根源。通过将世界视为理所当然，个人可能会忽视或忽视不符合他们现有类型化和食谱的现实方面。这可能导致误解和冲突，以及社会不平等和不公正的长期存在。为了解决这些限制，舒茨强调了现象学还原或纪元的重要性，它涉及暂停自然态度，专注于现象的纯粹体验。

Practical actions within the life-world 生命世界内的实际行动

The life-world is the realm of practical action, where individuals engage in various activities and interactions to achieve their goals and fulfill their responsibilities. These actions are guided by typifications and recipes, which provide practical guides for how to behave in different situations. The life-world is characterized by a focus on the immediate, the concrete, and the practical, where individuals respond to the demands and requirements of their environment.
生活世界是实际行动的领域，个人在这里参与各种活动和互动以实现他们的目标并履行他们的责任。这些操作以类型化和配方为指导，它们为在不同情况下如何表现提供了实用指南。生活世界的特点是关注直接的、具体的和实际的，个人对环境的要求和要求做出反应。

Practical actions within the life-world are influenced by several factors. First, they are shaped by the individual’s stock of knowledge, which includes typifications and recipes that have been developed through past experiences and social interactions. This stock of knowledge provides individuals with the tools to navigate their environment and respond effectively to the situations they encounter.
生活世界中的实际行动受到几个因素的影响。首先，它们是由个人的知识储备塑造的，其中包括通过过去的经历和社会互动发展出来的类型和食谱。这些知识储备为个人提供了导航环境并有效应对他们遇到的情况的工具。

Second, practical actions are guided by social norms and expectations. These norms and expectations are embedded in the cultural context and provide a framework for acceptable behavior. By adhering to these norms, individuals can interact smoothly with others and maintain social order.
其次，实际行动以社会规范和期望为指导。这些规范和期望嵌入到文化背景中，并为可接受的行为提供了一个框架。通过遵守这些规范，个人可以与他人顺利互动并维护社会秩序。

Third, practical actions are influenced by the individual’s goals and motivations. People engage in activities and interactions to achieve specific objectives, whether they are related to work, social relationships, or personal fulfillment. These goals and motivations provide direction and purpose to their actions, helping them to prioritize and allocate their resources effectively.
第三，实际行动受个人目标和动机的影响。人们参与活动和互动以实现特定目标，无论它们与工作、社会关系还是个人成就有关。这些目标和动机为他们的行动提供了方向和目的，帮助他们有效地确定优先级和分配资源。

The life-world is the foundational realm of everyday experience, characterized by the natural attitude, social interactions, and practical actions. By understanding the characteristics of the life-world and the factors that influence practical actions within it, we can gain deeper insights into the complexities of social life and the ways individuals construct and maintain their social reality.
生活世界是日常经验的基础领域，以自然态度、社会互动和实际行动为特征。通过了解生活世界的特征和影响其中实际行动的因素，我们可以更深入地了解社会生活的复杂性以及个人构建和维护其社会现实的方式。

Intersubjectivity 主体间性

Definition and importance of intersubjectivity 主体间性的定义和重要性

Intersubjectivity, a core concept in Schutz’s phenomenological sociology, refers to the shared, mutual understanding that individuals have of each other’s intentions, motives, and meanings. It is the foundation of social interaction, allowing people to coordinate their actions and create a shared social reality. Intersubjectivity is essential for maintaining social order and cohesion, as it enables individuals to align their behaviors and expectations with those of others.
主体间性是舒茨现象学社会学的一个核心概念，指的是个人对彼此的意图、动机和意义的共同理解。它是社交互动的基础，允许人们协调他们的行动并创造一个共享的社会现实。主体间性对于维持社会秩序和凝聚力至关重要，因为它使个人能够将自己的行为和期望与他人的行为和期望保持一致。

Intersubjectivity emerges through the process of social interaction, where individuals communicate and negotiate meanings. This process involves a continuous exchange of perspectives, where people interpret and respond to each other’s actions based on their own experiences and expectations. Intersubjectivity is not automatic but is constructed through ongoing interaction and dialogue.
主体间性是通过社会互动过程出现的，在这个过程中，个人交流和协商意义。这个过程涉及不断的观点交流，人们根据自己的经验和期望来解释和回应彼此的行为。主体间性不是自动的，而是通过持续的互动和对话构建的。

Schutz emphasized that intersubjectivity is a fundamental aspect of the life-world, the realm of everyday experience where individuals engage in practical activities and social interactions. In the life-world, people rely on shared typifications and recipes to navigate their social environment and understand each other’s actions. These shared understandings provide a common framework for interpreting and responding to social situations.
舒茨强调，主体间性是生活世界的一个基本方面，是个人参与实践活动和社会互动的日常经验领域。在生活世界中，人们依靠共同的类型化和食谱来驾驭他们的社会环境并理解彼此的行为。这些共同的理解为解释和应对社交场合提供了一个共同的框架。

How we understand other people’s motives, interests, and meanings 我们如何理解他人的动机、兴趣和意义

Understanding other people’s motives, interests, and meanings is a complex process that involves interpreting their actions and expressions within a shared social context. Schutz explored how individuals achieve this understanding through a process he called “social phenomenology,” which focuses on the subjective experiences of social actors.
了解他人的动机、兴趣和意义是一个复杂的过程，涉及在共享的社会背景下解释他们的行为和表达。舒茨探讨了个人如何通过他称之为“社会现象学”的过程来实现这种理解，该过程侧重于社会行为者的主观体验。

One key aspect of this process is the use of typifications and recipes, which are generalized categories and practical guides for action. Typifications allow individuals to categorize and interpret others’ behaviors based on past experiences and social norms. For example, when someone sees a person acting in a particular way, they may draw on their typifications to infer the person’s motives and intentions.
这个过程的一个关键方面是使用类型化和食谱，它们是通用的类别和实用的行动指南。类型化允许个人根据过去的经历和社会规范对他人的行为进行分类和解释。例如，当有人看到一个人以特定方式行事时，他们可能会利用他们的类型来推断这个人的动机和意图。

Recipes provide practical frameworks for how to behave in various situations, guiding individuals’ interactions and responses. By following these recipes, people can align their actions with social expectations and norms, facilitating mutual understanding and coordination.
食谱为如何在各种情况下的行为提供了实用的框架，指导个人的互动和反应。通过遵循这些秘诀，人们可以将他们的行为与社会期望和规范保持一致，从而促进相互理解和协调。

Another important aspect of understanding others is the concept of “reciprocity of perspectives,” which Schutz borrowed from Husserl. This concept refers to the idea that individuals assume that others see the world in similar ways to themselves. By projecting their own experiences and perspectives onto others, people can make sense of others’ actions and intentions.
理解他人的另一个重要方面是“观点互惠”的概念，舒茨从胡塞尔那里借用了这个概念。这个概念是指个人假设其他人以与自己相似的方式看待世界的想法。通过将自己的经验和观点投射到他人身上，人们可以理解他人的行为和意图。

Communication also plays a crucial role in understanding others. Through verbal and non-verbal communication, individuals exchange information and negotiate meanings. This process involves interpreting and responding to others’ expressions, gestures, and words, allowing for a mutual adjustment of perspectives and behaviors.
沟通在理解他人方面也起着至关重要的作用。通过语言和非语言交流，个人交换信息并协商含义。这个过程涉及解释和回应他人的表情、手势和言语，允许相互调整观点和行为。

The role of intersubjectivity in social interaction 主体间性在社会互动中的作用

Intersubjectivity is essential for social interaction, as it provides the foundation for mutual understanding and coordination. Without intersubjectivity, individuals would struggle to interpret and respond to each other’s actions, leading to confusion and conflict.
主体间性对于社会互动至关重要，因为它为相互理解和协调提供了基础。如果没有主体间性，个体将难以解释和回应彼此的行为，从而导致混乱和冲突。

One key role of intersubjectivity in social interaction is the establishment of common ground. Common ground refers to the shared knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions that individuals rely on during interactions. By establishing common ground, people can ensure that their actions and communications are understood by others, facilitating smooth and effective interactions.
主体间性在社会互动中的一个关键作用是建立共同点。共同点是指个人在互动过程中所依赖的共同知识、信念和假设。通过建立共同点，人们可以确保他们的行为和沟通被他人理解，从而促进顺畅有效的互动。

Intersubjectivity also enables individuals to anticipate and predict others’ behaviors. By understanding others’ motives, interests, and meanings, people can anticipate how others will act in various situations and adjust their own actions accordingly. This ability to predict and align behaviors is crucial for maintaining social order and cohesion.
主体间性还使个人能够预测和预测他人的行为。通过了解他人的动机、兴趣和意义，人们可以预测他人在各种情况下会如何行动，并相应地调整自己的行为。这种预测和调整行为的能力对于维持社会秩序和凝聚力至关重要。

In addition, intersubjectivity allows for the negotiation and construction of social meanings. Through ongoing interaction and dialogue, individuals negotiate the meanings of their actions and the social norms that guide their behavior. This process of negotiation and construction helps to maintain the flexibility and adaptability of social norms, allowing them to evolve in response to changing social contexts.
此外，主体间性允许社会意义的协商和建构。通过持续的互动和对话，个人可以协商他们行为的意义和指导他们行为的社会规范。这种协商和构建的过程有助于保持社会规范的灵活性和适应性，使它们能够根据不断变化的社会环境而发展。

Overall, intersubjectivity is a fundamental aspect of social life, providing the foundation for mutual understanding, coordination, and the construction of shared social reality. By examining the processes through which intersubjectivity is achieved and maintained, Schutz’s phenomenological sociology offers valuable insights into the complexities of social interaction and the ways individuals navigate their social world.
总的来说，主体间性是社会生活的一个基本方面，为相互理解、协调和构建共同的社会现实提供了基础。通过研究实现和维持主体间性的过程，舒茨的现象学社会学为社会互动的复杂性和个人驾驭其社会世界的方式提供了宝贵的见解。

Realms of the Social World 社交世界的领域

The umwelt: face-to-face relationships 环境：面对面的关系

The umwelt, a term used by Alfred Schutz to describe the realm of directly experienced social reality, encompasses face-to-face relationships where individuals engage in immediate and personal interactions. In the umwelt, people share a common space and time, allowing for direct perception and mutual involvement in each other’s lives.
环境是阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 用来描述直接体验社会现实领域的术语，包括个人进行直接和个人互动的面对面关系。在环境环境中，人们共享一个共同的空间和时间，允许直接感知和相互参与彼此的生活。

Face-to-face relationships in the umwelt are characterized by what Schutz called “we-relations.” These relations involve a high degree of intimacy and mutual awareness, where individuals are fully present and engaged with each other. We-relations are marked by a “thou-orientation,” where individuals see each other as unique, irreplaceable persons rather than as mere social roles or types.
环境中的面对面关系的特点是舒茨所说的“我们关系”。这些关系涉及高度的亲密和相互意识，其中个人完全存在并相互参与。我们关系以“你为导向”为标志，即个体将彼此视为独特、不可替代的人，而不仅仅是社会角色或类型。

In we-relations, individuals can directly perceive and respond to each other’s actions, expressions, and emotions. This immediacy allows for a rich and nuanced exchange of meanings, facilitating deep mutual understanding. The shared presence and interaction in the umwelt enable individuals to negotiate and construct social meanings together, creating a shared social reality.
在 we-relations 中，个体可以直接感知和回应彼此的行为、表情和情绪。这种即时性允许进行丰富而细致的意义交换，促进深入的相互理解。环境中的共享存在和互动使个人能够共同协商和构建社会意义，从而创造一个共享的社会现实。

The mitwelt: interactions with types and structures mitwelt：与类型和结构的交互

In contrast to the umwelt, the mitwelt refers to the realm of indirectly experienced social reality, where individuals interact with types and social structures rather than with unique, irreplaceable persons. The mitwelt encompasses relationships with contemporaries who are not directly encountered but are known through social roles, positions, and generalizations.
与环境相反，环境是指间接体验的社会现实领域，其中个人与类型和社会结构互动，而不是与独特、不可替代的人互动。mitwelt 包括与同时代人的关系，这些人没有直接接触，但通过社会角色、地位和概括而为人所知。

Interactions in the mitwelt are characterized by “they-relations,” where individuals rely on typifications and social norms to understand and navigate their social environment. They-relations are more anonymous and impersonal compared to we-relations, as they involve interacting with generalized types rather than with specific individuals.
mitwelt 中的互动以“他们关系”为特征，其中个人依靠类型和社会规范来理解和驾驭他们的社会环境。与 we-relations 相比，they-relations 更加匿名和非个人化，因为它们涉及与广义类型而不是特定个体的交互。

In the mitwelt, individuals use typifications to categorize and interpret the actions and behaviors of others based on shared social knowledge. These typifications provide a framework for understanding social roles and expectations, allowing people to interact smoothly within complex social structures. For example, when interacting with a customer service representative, individuals rely on their typifications of that role to guide their behavior and expectations.
在 mitwelt 中，个人使用类型化来根据共享的社会知识对他人的行动和行为进行分类和解释。这些类型化为理解社会角色和期望提供了一个框架，使人们能够在复杂的社会结构中顺利互动。例如，在与客户服务代表互动时，个人依靠他们对该角色的类型来指导他们的行为和期望。

Folgewelt and vorwelt: future and past social realities Folgewelt 和 vorwelt：未来和过去的社会现实

In addition to the umwelt and mitwelt, Schutz identified two other realms of social reality: folgewelt and vorwelt, which refer to the future and past, respectively. These realms represent the temporal dimensions of social reality, encompassing the actions and experiences of predecessors and successors.
除了 umwelt 和 mitwelt 之外，舒茨还确定了社会现实的另外两个领域：folgewelt 和 vorwelt，它们分别指的是未来和过去。这些领域代表了社会现实的时间维度，包括前辈和继任者的行动和经验。

The folgewelt, or the realm of successors, involves the anticipation of future actions and events. It is a world of possibilities and potentialities, where individuals imagine and plan for future interactions and outcomes. The folgewelt is characterized by a sense of indeterminacy and freedom, as future actions have not yet been realized and are open to multiple possibilities.
folgewelt，或继承者的领域，涉及对未来行动和事件的预期。这是一个充满可能性和潜力的世界，个人在这里想象和规划未来的互动和结果。Folgêwelt 的特点是不确定性和自由感，因为未来的行动尚未实现，并且对多种可能性持开放态度。

The vorwelt, or the realm of predecessors, involves the retrospective understanding of past actions and events. It is a world of determinate and completed actions, where individuals reflect on the experiences and behaviors of those who came before them. The vorwelt provides a historical context for understanding the present, as past actions and events shape current social structures and norms.
vorwelt，或前辈的领域，涉及对过去行为和事件的回顾性理解。这是一个充满确定和完整行动的世界，个人在这里反思前人的经历和行为。漩涡为理解现在提供了历史背景，因为过去的行为和事件塑造了当前的社会结构和规范。

By examining these different realms of social reality, Schutz provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of social life. Each realm offers a unique perspective on social interactions and experiences, highlighting the interplay between immediacy and anonymity, presence and absence, and continuity and change. This multi-dimensional approach allows for a deeper understanding of how individuals construct and navigate their social world.
通过研究社会现实的这些不同领域，舒茨为理解社会生活的复杂性提供了一个全面的框架。每个领域都为社交互动和体验提供了独特的视角，突出了即时性与匿名性、存在与缺失、连续性和变化之间的相互作用。这种多维方法可以更深入地了解个人如何构建和驾驭他们的社交世界。

We-Relations and They-Relations 我们关系和他们关系

Characteristics of we-relations (intimate, face-to-face interactions) 我们关系的特点（亲密、面对面的互动）

We-relations, as conceptualized by Alfred Schutz, are characterized by intimate, face-to-face interactions where individuals engage in immediate and personal relationships. These interactions occur in the umwelt, the realm of directly experienced social reality, where individuals share a common space and time, allowing for direct perception and mutual involvement in each other’s lives.
正如阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 所概念化的那样，我们关系的特点是亲密的、面对面的互动，个人参与直接和个人关系。这些互动发生在 umwelt，即直接体验的社会现实领域，个人共享一个共同的空间和时间，允许直接感知和相互参与彼此的生活。

In we-relations, individuals are fully present and engaged with each other, experiencing a high degree of intimacy and mutual awareness. These relationships are marked by a “thou-orientation,” where individuals see each other as unique, irreplaceable persons rather than as mere social roles or types. This orientation allows for a rich and nuanced exchange of meanings, facilitating deep mutual understanding.
在 we-relations 中，个人完全存在并相互参与，体验到高度的亲密和相互意识。这些关系以“以 ”你为导向“为标志，即个人将彼此视为独特、不可替代的人，而不仅仅是社会角色或类型。这种取向允许进行丰富而细致的含义交换，促进深入的相互理解。

We-relations involve a direct and unmediated interaction, where individuals can perceive and respond to each other’s actions, expressions, and emotions in real-time. This immediacy allows for a dynamic and interactive process of meaning-making, where individuals can negotiate and construct social meanings together, creating a shared social reality.
我们关系涉及直接且无中介的互动，个人可以实时感知和响应彼此的行为、表情和情绪。这种即时性允许一个动态和互动的意义建构过程，个人可以一起协商和构建社会意义，创造一个共享的社会现实。

Characteristics of they-relations (impersonal, anonymous interactions) 他们关系的特征（非个人、匿名互动）

They-relations, in contrast, occur in the mitwelt, the realm of indirectly experienced social reality, where individuals interact with types and social structures rather than with unique, irreplaceable persons. These interactions are more anonymous and impersonal compared to we-relations, as they involve interacting with generalized types rather than with specific individuals.
相反，他们关系发生在 mitwelt，即间接体验的社会现实领域，在这里，个人与类型和社会结构互动，而不是与独特的、不可替代的人互动。与 we-relations 相比，这些交互更加匿名和非个人化，因为它们涉及与广义类型的交互，而不是与特定的个体交互。

In they-relations, individuals rely on typifications and social norms to understand and navigate their social environment. Typifications are generalized categories that individuals use to categorize and interpret the actions and behaviors of others based on shared social knowledge. These typifications provide a framework for understanding social roles and expectations, allowing people to interact smoothly within complex social structures.
在他们关系中，个人依靠类型和社会规范来理解和驾驭他们的社会环境。类型化是个人用来根据共享的社会知识对他人的行动和行为进行分类和解释的广义类别。这些类型化为理解社会角色和期望提供了一个框架，使人们能够在复杂的社会结构中顺利互动。

They-relations are characterized by a “they-orientation,” where individuals see each other as representatives of social roles or types rather than as unique individuals. This orientation allows for efficient and predictable interactions, as individuals can rely on shared typifications and social norms to guide their behavior and expectations.
他们关系的特点是 “他们导向”，即个人将彼此视为社会角色或类型的代表，而不是独特的个体。这种取向允许高效和可预测的互动，因为个人可以依靠共同的类型和社会规范来指导他们的行为和期望。

The impact of these relations on social structure 这些关系对社会结构的影响

We-relations and they-relations play a crucial role in shaping social structures and interactions. We-relations, with their emphasis on intimacy and mutual awareness, contribute to the formation of close-knit social groups and communities. These relationships foster deep mutual understanding and trust, which are essential for maintaining social cohesion and solidarity.
我们关系和他们关系在塑造社会结构和互动方面起着至关重要的作用。我们关系强调亲密关系和相互意识，有助于形成紧密联系的社会团体和社区。这些关系促进了深厚的相互理解和信任，这对于维持社会凝聚力和团结至关重要。

They-relations, on the other hand, are essential for navigating larger, more complex social structures where direct personal contact is not feasible. By relying on typifications and social norms, individuals can interact smoothly within these structures, ensuring efficient and predictable social interactions. They-relations facilitate the functioning of bureaucratic organizations, institutions, and other large-scale social systems by providing a common framework for understanding social roles and expectations.
另一方面，他们关系对于驾驭更大、更复杂的社会结构至关重要，在这些结构中，直接的个人接触是不可行的。通过依靠类型和社会规范，个人可以在这些结构内顺利互动，确保高效和可预测的社交互动。他们关系通过提供理解社会角色和期望的共同框架，促进了官僚组织、机构和其他大规模社会系统的运作。

The interplay between we-relations and they-relations is crucial for maintaining the balance between intimacy and anonymity in social life. While we-relations provide the foundation for close personal relationships and community bonds, they-relations allow individuals to navigate and interact within broader social structures. Understanding the dynamics of these relations helps to illuminate the complexities of social life and the ways individuals construct and maintain their social reality.
我们关系和他们关系之间的相互作用对于维持社会生活中亲密与匿名之间的平衡至关重要。虽然我们关系为密切的个人关系和社区纽带提供了基础，但它们的关系允许个人在更广泛的社会结构中导航和互动。了解这些关系的动态有助于阐明社会生活的复杂性以及个人构建和维护其社会现实的方式。

Consciousness, Meanings, and Motives 意识、意义和动机

Types of meaning: subjective and objective contexts 含义类型：主观和客观背景

Alfred Schutz’s exploration of consciousness involves a detailed examination of how individuals construct meanings within both subjective and objective contexts. Meanings are central to human experience, and Schutz distinguished between subjective meanings, which are the personal interpretations that individuals ascribe to their experiences, and objective meanings, which are the shared, socially constructed understandings that exist within the broader culture.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 对意识的探索涉及对个人如何在主观和客观背景下构建意义的详细研究。意义是人类经验的核心，舒茨区分了主观意义和客观意义，前者是个人对其经验的个人解释，后者是存在于更广泛文化中的共同的、社会建构的理解。

Subjective meanings arise from an individual’s unique perspective and are shaped by their personal history, biographical situation, and intentionality. These meanings reflect how individuals perceive and interpret their own experiences, guided by their stock of knowledge and typifications. For example, the subjective meaning of a family heirloom might be deeply tied to personal memories and emotions, making it significant in ways that are unique to the individual.
主观意义源于个人的独特视角，并受其个人历史、传记情况和意图的影响。这些含义反映了个人如何感知和解释自己的经历，以他们的知识和类型为指导。例如，传家宝的主观意义可能与个人记忆和情感密切相关，使其以个人独有的方式具有重要意义。

Objective meanings, on the other hand, are the collective interpretations and understandings that are socially shared and recognized within a culture. These meanings emerge from social interactions and are embedded in the collective consciousness of a society. They provide a common framework for interpreting experiences and guiding behavior. For instance, the objective meaning of a red traffic light as a signal to stop is a shared understanding that guides the behavior of drivers in a given culture.
另一方面，客观意义是在一种文化中被社会共享和认可的集体解释和理解。这些意义来自社会互动，并嵌入到社会的集体意识中。它们为解释体验和指导行为提供了一个通用框架。例如，红色交通信号灯作为停车信号的客观含义是一种共同的理解，它指导特定文化中驾驶员的行为。

Schutz argued that both types of meanings are essential for comprehending social reality. While subjective meanings provide insight into the individual’s personal experiences and perspectives, objective meanings reveal the shared norms and expectations that structure social interactions. By examining both subjective and objective contexts, Schutz aimed to develop a comprehensive understanding of how individuals construct and navigate their social world.
舒茨认为，这两种类型的含义对于理解社会现实都是必不可少的。主观意义提供了对个人个人经历和观点的洞察，而客观意义则揭示了构建社会互动的共同规范和期望。通过研究主观和客观背景，舒茨旨在全面了解个人如何构建和驾驭他们的社会世界。

Differentiating between in-order-to motives and because motives 区分 in-order-to 动机和 because 动机

Schutz also differentiated between two types of motives that guide human action: in-order-to motives and because motives. This distinction is crucial for understanding how individuals make sense of their actions and the actions of others within the social world.
舒茨还区分了指导人类行为的两种动机：in-order to 动机和 because 动机。这种区别对于理解个人如何在社会世界中理解自己的行为和他人的行为至关重要。

In-order-to motives refer to the reasons individuals undertake specific actions to achieve future goals. These motives are oriented toward the future and involve the intentional planning and execution of actions to attain desired outcomes. For example, a student may study hard in order to pass an exam. The in-order-to motive here is the goal of passing the exam, which guides the student’s actions.
In-order-to 动机是指个人为实现未来目标而采取特定行动的原因。这些动机面向未来，涉及有意识地规划和执行行动以实现预期的结果。例如，学生可能会努力学习以通过考试。这里的 in-order-to 动机是通过考试的目标，它指导学生的行为。

Because motives, on the other hand, are the retrospective explanations for actions based on past experiences. These motives are oriented toward the past and involve reflecting on the reasons for actions that have already been performed. For example, a person might say they moved to a new city because they received a job offer there. The because motive here explains the action of moving by referring to the past event of receiving the job offer.
因为另一方面，动机是基于过去经验对行为的回顾性解释。这些动机面向过去，涉及对已经采取行动的原因的反思。例如，一个人可能会说他们搬到一个新的城市是因为他们在那里收到了工作机会。这里的 because 动机通过引用收到工作机会的过去事件来解释搬家的动作。

Schutz emphasized that understanding both types of motives is essential for comprehending human behavior. In-order-to motives reveal the intentionality and goal-directed nature of actions, while because motives provide the contextual explanations that make actions meaningful within a broader temporal framework. By differentiating between these motives, Schutz highlighted the complex interplay between future-oriented planning and past-oriented reflection in shaping human action.
舒茨强调，理解这两种类型的动机对于理解人类行为至关重要。In-order-to 动机揭示了行动的意向性和目标导向的性质，而因为动机提供了上下文解释，使行动在更广泛的时间框架内变得有意义。通过区分这些动机，舒茨强调了面向未来的规划和面向过去的反思在塑造人类行为方面之间的复杂相互作用。

The role of consciousness in social action 意识在社会行动中的作用

Consciousness plays a central role in Schutz’s phenomenological sociology, particularly in understanding how individuals construct and interpret social actions. Schutz’s focus on consciousness involves examining the intentional structures that underlie human experiences and actions. By exploring these structures, Schutz aimed to uncover the processes through which individuals make sense of their social world.
意识在舒茨的现象学社会学中起着核心作用，特别是在理解个人如何构建和解释社会行动方面。舒茨对意识的关注涉及研究人类经验和行为背后的意向性结构。通过探索这些结构，舒茨旨在揭示个人理解其社会世界的过程。

One key aspect of Schutz’s analysis is the concept of intentionality, which refers to the directedness of consciousness toward objects and events. Intentionality implies that every act of consciousness is about something, whether it is perceiving an object, remembering an event, or planning an action. This directedness allows individuals to construct meanings and interpret their experiences within a coherent framework.
舒茨分析的一个关键方面是意向性的概念，它指的是意识对物体和事件的直接性。意向性意味着每一个意识行为都是关于某事的，无论是感知一个物体、记住一个事件还是计划一个行动。这种定向性使个人能够在一个连贯的框架内构建意义并解释他们的经历。

Schutz also emphasized the temporal dimensions of consciousness, which involve the continuous flow of experiences from past to present to future. This temporal flow shapes how individuals perceive and interpret their actions and interactions. By examining the temporal structures of consciousness, Schutz highlighted the importance of time in understanding human behavior and social action.
舒茨还强调了意识的时间维度，这涉及从过去到现在再到未来的经验的持续流动。这种时间流动塑造了个人如何感知和解释他们的行为和互动。通过研究意识的时间结构，舒茨强调了时间在理解人类行为和社会行动方面的重要性。

The concept of the life-world is another crucial aspect of Schutz’s analysis of consciousness. The life-world is the pre-theoretical realm of everyday experience, where individuals engage in practical activities and social interactions. It is within the life-world that individuals construct and maintain their social reality, relying on their stock of knowledge, typifications, and recipes to navigate their environment. Schutz argued that understanding the life-world is essential for comprehending the subjective experiences and meanings that shape social action.
生命世界的概念是舒茨对意识的分析的另一个重要方面。生活世界是日常经验的前理论领域，个人在这里参与实践活动和社会互动。正是在生活世界中，个人构建和维护他们的社会现实，依靠他们的知识储备、类型化和食谱来驾驭他们的环境。舒茨认为，理解生活世界对于理解塑造社会行动的主观体验和意义至关重要。

In summary, consciousness plays a vital role in Schutz’s phenomenological sociology by providing the foundation for understanding how individuals construct and interpret social actions. By examining the intentional structures, temporal dimensions, and life-world of consciousness, Schutz developed a comprehensive framework for analyzing the complexities of human behavior and social interaction.
总之，意识在舒茨的现象学社会学中发挥着至关重要的作用，它为理解个人如何构建和解释社会行为提供了基础。通过研究意识的意向结构、时间维度和生活世界，舒茨开发了一个全面的框架来分析人类行为和社会互动的复杂性。

Schutz’s Influence on Sociological Theories 舒茨对社会学理论的影响

Impact on ethnomethodology (Harold Garfinkel) 对民族方法学的影响 （Harold Garfinkel）

Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological approach has had a profound impact on various sociological theories, particularly ethnomethodology. Harold Garfinkel, the founder of ethnomethodology, drew heavily on Schutz’s ideas to develop his own theoretical framework. Ethnomethodology focuses on the methods and practices individuals use to make sense of their everyday lives and interactions.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的现象学方法对各种社会学理论，尤其是民族方法论产生了深远的影响。民族方法论的创始人哈罗德·加芬克尔 （Harold Garfinkel） 大量借鉴了舒茨的思想来发展自己的理论框架。民族方法论侧重于个人用来理解他们的日常生活和互动的方法和实践。

Garfinkel was influenced by Schutz’s emphasis on the subjective experience of social reality and the importance of understanding how individuals construct meanings within their social contexts. Ethnomethodology extends Schutz’s ideas by examining the practical reasoning and implicit methods that people use to achieve mutual understanding and coordinate their actions.
舒茨强调社会现实的主观体验以及理解个人如何在其社会环境中构建意义的重要性，从而影响了加芬克尔。民族方法论通过研究人们用来实现相互理解和协调行动的实践推理和隐含方法，扩展了舒茨的思想。

One key concept in ethnomethodology is the idea of “accountability,” which refers to the ways individuals explain and justify their actions to themselves and others. This concept aligns with Schutz’s focus on how people interpret and make sense of their experiences. Garfinkel’s work on breaching experiments, where social norms are deliberately violated to observe how people restore order, also reflects Schutz’s interest in the taken-for-granted nature of social reality.
民族方法论中的一个关键概念是“问责制”的概念，它指的是个人向自己和他人解释和证明他们行为的方式。这个概念与 Schutz 对人们如何解释和理解他们的经历的关注是一致的。加芬克尔在打破实验方面的工作，即故意违反社会规范以观察人们如何恢复秩序，也反映了舒茨对社会现实理所当然的性质的兴趣。

By building on Schutz’s phenomenological insights, ethnomethodology has contributed to a deeper understanding of the micro-level processes that underpin social interactions. Garfinkel’s work has highlighted the importance of examining the everyday practices and methods that individuals use to construct and maintain social order.
通过建立在 Schutz 的现象学见解之上，民族方法论有助于更深入地理解支撑社会互动的微观过程。Garfinkel 的工作强调了研究个人用来构建和维护社会秩序的日常实践和方法的重要性。

Influence on conversation analysis (Harvey Sacks) 对对话分析的影响 （Harvey Sacks）

Conversation analysis, another significant area of sociological research, has also been influenced by Schutz’s phenomenological sociology. Harvey Sacks, a key figure in the development of conversation analysis, was inspired by Schutz’s focus on the structures of everyday interaction and the importance of understanding the subjective experiences of social actors.
对话分析是社会学研究的另一个重要领域，也受到舒茨现象学社会学的影响。Harvey Sacks 是对话分析发展的关键人物，他受到 Schutz 对日常互动结构的关注以及理解社会行为者主观体验的重要性的启发。

Conversation analysis investigates the detailed organization of talk-in-interaction, examining how participants use language to achieve social actions and coordinate their interactions. Sacks’s work on turn-taking, sequencing, and repair mechanisms in conversation reflects Schutz’s emphasis on the intentionality and meaning-making processes that underlie social interactions.
对话分析调查了互动中交谈的详细组织，研究了参与者如何使用语言来实现社交行动并协调他们的互动。Sacks 在对话中的轮流、排序和修复机制方面的工作反映了 Schutz 对社会互动基础的意向性和意义构建过程的强调。

One of the core principles of conversation analysis is that talk is a form of social action, where participants actively construct and negotiate meanings through their interactions. This principle aligns with Schutz’s view that social reality is constructed through the intentional and meaningful actions of individuals. By applying Schutz’s phenomenological insights to the study of conversation, Sacks and his colleagues have developed a robust framework for analyzing the complexities of human communication.
对话分析的核心原则之一是谈话是一种社会行动形式，参与者通过他们的互动积极构建和协商意义。这一原则与舒茨的观点一致，即社会现实是通过个人有意识和有意义的行动构建的。通过将舒茨的现象学见解应用于对话研究，萨克斯和他的同事们开发了一个强大的框架来分析人类交流的复杂性。

Contributions to social constructionism (Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann) 对社会建构主义的贡献（Peter Berger 和 Thomas Luckmann）

Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s work on social constructionism has been significantly influenced by Schutz’s phenomenological sociology. In their seminal book, “The Social Construction of Reality,” Berger and Luckmann draw on Schutz’s ideas to explore how social reality is constructed and maintained through everyday interactions and practices.
彼得·伯格 （Peter Berger） 和托马斯·卢克曼 （Thomas Luckmann） 的社会建构主义工作受到舒茨现象学社会学的重大影响。在他们的开创性著作《现实的社会建构》（The Social Construction of Reality）中，Berger 和 Luckmann 借鉴了 Schutz 的思想，探讨了如何通过日常互动和实践来构建和维护社会现实。

Social constructionism posits that reality is not an objective, fixed entity but is constructed through the shared meanings and practices of individuals within a society. Berger and Luckmann’s analysis of how individuals create and sustain social institutions and norms reflects Schutz’s emphasis on the life-world and the processes of typification and recipe-following.
社会建构主义认为现实不是一个客观的、固定的实体，而是通过社会中个人的共同意义和实践来构建的。Berger 和 Luckmann 对个人如何创造和维持社会制度和规范的分析反映了 Schutz 对生活世界以及类型化和遵循食谱过程的强调。

One key concept in social constructionism is the idea of “institutionalization,” which refers to the process by which certain practices and meanings become established and taken for granted within a society. This concept aligns with Schutz’s focus on how typifications and recipes guide social actions and interactions, providing a framework for understanding the stability and continuity of social reality.
社会建构主义的一个关键概念是“制度化”的概念，它指的是某些实践和意义在社会中建立并被视为理所当然的过程。这个概念与 Schutz 对类型化和食谱如何指导社会行动和互动的关注一致，为理解社会现实的稳定性和连续性提供了一个框架。

By building on Schutz’s phenomenological insights, social constructionism has contributed to a deeper understanding of the dynamic and constructed nature of social reality. Berger and Luckmann’s work has highlighted the importance of examining the everyday practices and interactions through which individuals create and maintain their social world.
通过建立在舒茨的现象学见解之上，社会建构主义有助于更深入地理解社会现实的动态和建构本质。Berger 和 Luckmann 的研究强调了研究个人创造和维护其社交世界的日常实践和互动的重要性。

Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological sociology has had a significant impact on various sociological theories, including ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and social constructionism. By emphasizing the importance of subjective experience, intentionality, and the life-world, Schutz has provided valuable insights that have shaped the development of these theoretical frameworks and advanced our understanding of social reality and interaction.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的现象学社会学对各种社会学理论产生了重大影响，包括民族方法论、对话分析和社会建构主义。通过强调主观体验、意向性和生活世界的重要性，舒茨提供了宝贵的见解，这些见解塑造了这些理论框架的发展，并促进了我们对社会现实和互动的理解。

The Stranger and the Homecomer 陌生人与归乡者

Analysis of Schutz’s essays on social types 舒茨关于社会类型的论文分析

Alfred Schutz’s essays on social types, particularly “The Stranger” and “The Homecomer,” provide a nuanced analysis of how individuals navigate social interactions and construct their identities within different social contexts. These essays explore the experiences of individuals who find themselves in unfamiliar or transitional situations and the ways they negotiate their social reality.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 关于社会类型的文章，尤其是《陌生人》和《归来者》，对个人如何在不同的社会环境中驾驭社会互动和构建他们的身份进行了细致的分析。这些文章探讨了发现自己处于陌生或过渡情况下的个人的经历，以及他们协商社会现实的方式。

In “The Stranger,” Schutz examines the experience of individuals who enter a new social group or culture. Strangers, according to Schutz, are characterized by their lack of familiarity with the social norms, typifications, and recipes of the group they are entering. This unfamiliarity creates a sense of disorientation and challenges the stranger’s ability to navigate social interactions effectively.
在《陌生人》中，舒茨审视了进入新社会群体或文化的个人经历。根据 Schutz 的说法，陌生人的特点是他们不熟悉他们所进入的群体的社会规范、类型化和食谱。这种陌生感会产生一种迷失方向的感觉，并挑战陌生人有效驾驭社交互动的能力。

Strangers must actively engage in a process of learning and adaptation to understand the social reality of the new group. This process involves observing and internalizing the group’s norms and practices, as well as negotiating their own identity within the new social context. Schutz highlights the challenges and opportunities that come with being a stranger, emphasizing the potential for innovation and new perspectives that strangers can bring to a social group.
陌生人必须积极参与学习和适应的过程，以了解新群体的社会现实。这个过程包括观察和内化群体的规范和做法，以及在新社会环境中协商自己的身份。Schutz 强调了作为陌生人带来的挑战和机遇，强调了陌生人可以为社会群体带来的创新潜力和新视角。

In “The Homecomer,” Schutz explores the experience of individuals returning to a familiar social group or culture after an extended absence. Homecomers, unlike strangers, possess prior knowledge and familiarity with the social norms and practices of the group they are re-entering. However, their absence may have resulted in changes within the group or in their own perspectives, creating a sense of disjunction upon their return.
在《归来者》中，舒茨探讨了个人在长期缺席后回到熟悉的社会群体或文化的经历。与陌生人不同，返乡者拥有先验知识，并熟悉他们重新进入的群体的社会规范和做法。然而，他们的缺席可能会导致团队内部或他们自己的观点发生变化，在他们回来时会产生一种脱节感。

Homecomers must navigate the process of reintegration, which involves re-establishing their identity and relationships within the familiar social context. This process can be challenging, as homecomers may find that their previous knowledge and typifications no longer fully apply to the changed social reality. Schutz’s analysis highlights the dynamic and fluid nature of social identity and the continuous process of adaptation and negotiation that individuals undergo in their interactions.
返乡者必须经历重新融入社会的过程，这涉及在熟悉的社会环境中重新建立他们的身份和关系。这个过程可能具有挑战性，因为返乡者可能会发现他们以前的知识和类型不再完全适用于变化的社会现实。舒茨的分析强调了社会身份的动态和流动性，以及个人在互动中经历的持续适应和协商过程。

The experience of being a stranger in a new social context 在新社会环境中作为陌生人的经历

The experience of being a stranger in a new social context involves navigating unfamiliar social norms, typifications, and practices. Strangers enter a new social environment with a set of expectations and knowledge that may not align with those of the group they are joining. This misalignment creates a sense of disorientation and challenges the stranger’s ability to interact smoothly and effectively within the new context.
在新的社会环境中作为陌生人的经历涉及驾驭不熟悉的社会规范、类型和做法。陌生人带着一系列可能与他们所加入的群体不一致的期望和知识进入一个新的社交环境。这种错位会产生一种迷失方向的感觉，并挑战陌生人在新环境中顺利有效地互动的能力。

One of the key challenges for strangers is the need to learn and internalize the new social norms and practices. This learning process involves observing the behaviors and interactions of group members, identifying patterns and expectations, and adjusting one’s own behavior accordingly. Strangers must also navigate the implicit and explicit rules that govern social interactions, which may differ significantly from those they are accustomed to.
陌生人面临的主要挑战之一是需要学习和内化新的社会规范和做法。这个学习过程包括观察小组成员的行为和互动，识别模式和期望，并相应地调整自己的行为。陌生人还必须驾驭控制社交互动的隐含和显性规则，这些规则可能与他们习惯的规则大不相同。

In addition to learning new norms, strangers must negotiate their own identity within the new social context. This negotiation involves balancing the desire to integrate and be accepted by the group with the need to maintain one’s own sense of self. Strangers may experience tension between conforming to group expectations and preserving their individuality, leading to a complex process of identity formation and adaptation.
除了学习新规范外，陌生人还必须在新的社会环境中协商自己的身份。这种协商涉及平衡融入和被群体接受的愿望与保持自身自我意识的需要。陌生人可能会在符合群体期望和保持个性之间感到紧张，从而导致一个复杂的身份形成和适应过程。

Schutz emphasizes that being a stranger is not only a challenge but also an opportunity. Strangers bring with them unique perspectives and experiences that can contribute to the diversity and richness of the social group. Their outsider status allows them to question and challenge existing norms and practices, potentially leading to innovation and change. However, this potential for contribution depends on the group’s openness to new ideas and the stranger’s ability to navigate the social dynamics effectively.
Schutz 强调，作为陌生人不仅是一个挑战，也是一个机会。陌生人带来了独特的视角和经验，这些视角和经历可以为社会群体的多样性和丰富性做出贡献。他们的局外人身份使他们能够质疑和挑战现有的规范和做法，从而有可能带来创新和变革。然而，这种潜在的贡献取决于群体对新想法的开放态度以及陌生人有效驾驭社会动态的能力。

The process of reintegration as a homecomer 作为返乡者重新融入社会的过程

The process of reintegration as a homecomer involves returning to a familiar social group or culture after an extended absence and re-establishing one’s identity and relationships within that context. Homecomers face unique challenges as they reconcile their prior knowledge and experiences with the changes that have occurred during their absence.
作为返乡者重新融入社会的过程包括在长时间离开后返回熟悉的社会群体或文化，并在该背景下重新建立自己的身份和关系。返乡者面临着独特的挑战，因为他们需要协调先前的知识和经验与缺席期间发生的变化。

One of the primary challenges for homecomers is the potential mismatch between their expectations and the current reality of the group. Social norms, practices, and relationships may have evolved during their absence, leading to a sense of disjunction upon their return. Homecomers must navigate this changed social landscape, adjusting their behaviors and expectations to align with the current context.
返乡者面临的主要挑战之一是他们的期望与团队的当前现实之间可能存在不匹配。社会规范、习俗和关系可能在他们缺席期间发生了变化，导致他们回来时产生一种分离感。返乡者必须驾驭这种变化的社会环境，调整他们的行为和期望以符合当前环境。

Reintegration also involves re-establishing relationships with group members. Homecomers must reconnect with old friends and acquaintances, rebuild trust and familiarity, and navigate any changes in social dynamics that have occurred. This process can be emotionally complex, as homecomers may experience feelings of nostalgia, loss, or alienation, as well as joy and excitement at reuniting with familiar faces.
重新融入还包括与小组成员重新建立关系。返乡者必须与老朋友和熟人重新建立联系，重建信任和熟悉度，并驾驭已经发生的社会动态变化。这个过程在情感上可能很复杂，因为回家的人可能会感到怀旧、失落或疏离，以及与熟悉的面孔重逢时的喜悦和兴奋。

Schutz highlights that the process of reintegration is not merely a return to the previous state of affairs but involves active negotiation and adaptation. Homecomers bring with them new experiences and perspectives gained during their absence, which can influence their interactions and relationships within the group. This dynamic process requires flexibility and openness from both the homecomer and the group members to successfully navigate the reintegration.
舒茨强调，重返社会的过程不仅仅是回到以前的状态，而是涉及积极的谈判和适应。返乡者带来了在他们不在期间获得的新经验和观点，这可能会影响他们在团队内的互动和关系。这个动态的过程需要返乡者和小组成员的灵活性和开放性，才能成功地驾驭重新融入社会。

Criticisms of Schutz’s Theories 对舒茨理论的批评

Abstract nature of Schutz’s work 舒茨作品的抽象性质

One of the primary criticisms of Alfred Schutz’s theories is their abstract nature. Schutz’s phenomenological approach, with its focus on the structures of consciousness and the life-world, involves highly theoretical and conceptual analysis. Critics argue that this abstract focus can make Schutz’s work difficult to apply to empirical research and practical social issues.
对阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 理论的主要批评之一是它们的抽象性质。舒茨的现象学方法侧重于意识结构和生命世界的结构，涉及高度理论和概念分析。批评者认为，这种抽象的关注会使舒茨的工作难以应用于实证研究和实际社会问题。

Schutz’s emphasis on the subjective experience of individuals and the intentional structures of consciousness requires a level of abstraction that can be challenging for researchers seeking concrete, measurable outcomes. His theories prioritize understanding the foundational structures of social reality, which can seem distant from the everyday practical concerns of social scientists and practitioners.
舒茨强调个人的主观体验和意识的意向性结构，这需要一定程度的抽象，这对于寻求具体、可衡量结果的研究人员来说可能具有挑战性。他的理论优先考虑理解社会现实的基本结构，这似乎与社会科学家和从业者的日常实际关注点相去甚远。

Additionally, the abstract nature of Schutz’s work can make it less accessible to a broader audience. His use of specialized terminology and complex conceptual frameworks may be difficult for those without a background in phenomenology or philosophy to fully grasp. This can limit the dissemination and impact of his ideas within the wider sociological community and beyond.
此外，舒茨作品的抽象性质可能使其难以为更广泛的观众所接受。他对专业术语和复杂概念框架的使用对于没有现象学或哲学背景的人来说可能很难完全掌握。这可能会限制他的思想在更广泛的社会学界内外的传播和影响。

Lack of direct engagement with empirical data 缺乏对实证数据的直接参与

Another criticism of Schutz’s work is the perceived lack of direct engagement with empirical data. Schutz’s phenomenological approach focuses on developing theoretical models and conceptual frameworks to understand the subjective experiences of individuals. While this approach provides valuable insights into the structures of consciousness and social reality, it often lacks empirical validation and concrete data to support its claims.
对 Schutz 工作的另一个批评是被认为缺乏与经验数据的直接接触。舒茨的现象学方法侧重于开发理论模型和概念框架，以理解个人的主观体验。虽然这种方法为意识和社会现实的结构提供了有价值的见解，但它往往缺乏实证验证和具体数据来支持其主张。

Critics argue that Schutz’s theories would benefit from a closer integration with empirical research, which could provide a more robust foundation for his conceptual models. By incorporating empirical data, researchers could test and refine Schutz’s theories, enhancing their applicability and relevance to real-world social phenomena.
批评者认为，舒茨的理论将受益于与实证研究的更紧密结合，这可能为他的概念模型提供更强大的基础。通过结合实证数据，研究人员可以测试和完善舒茨的理论，提高其适用性和与现实世界社会现象的相关性。

Furthermore, the lack of direct engagement with empirical data can limit the practical implications of Schutz’s work. Social scientists and practitioners often seek evidence-based solutions to address social issues and challenges. Theoretical models without empirical support may be seen as less useful for developing concrete interventions and policies.
此外，缺乏对实证数据的直接参与可能会限制 Schutz 工作的实际意义。社会科学家和从业者经常寻求基于证据的解决方案来解决社会问题和挑战。没有实证支持的理论模型可能被认为对制定具体的干预措施和政策没有多大用处。

Responses to his critics 对他的批评者的回应

In response to these criticisms, supporters of Schutz’s work argue that his phenomenological approach provides a necessary counterbalance to the empirical and positivist methodologies that dominate social science. Schutz’s emphasis on subjective experience and the structures of consciousness addresses aspects of social reality that are often overlooked by more quantitative approaches.
作为对这些批评的回应，舒茨工作的支持者认为，他的现象学方法为主导社会科学的经验主义和实证主义方法提供了必要的平衡。舒茨对主观经验和意识结构的强调涉及社会现实中经常被更定量的方法所忽视的方面。

Advocates of Schutz’s theories highlight the importance of understanding the foundational structures that underlie social interactions and meanings. By exploring these structures, Schutz’s work offers valuable insights into the processes through which individuals construct and navigate their social reality. This theoretical foundation can inform and complement empirical research, providing a deeper understanding of social phenomena.
舒茨理论的倡导者强调了理解社会互动和意义的基础结构的重要性。通过探索这些结构，舒茨的工作为个人构建和驾驭其社会现实的过程提供了宝贵的见解。这一理论基础可以为实证研究提供信息和补充，从而提供对社会现象的更深入理解。

Supporters also argue that the abstract nature of Schutz’s work is a strength rather than a limitation. By developing comprehensive conceptual frameworks, Schutz’s theories offer a flexible and adaptable tool for analyzing a wide range of social issues. Researchers can apply Schutz’s concepts to various empirical contexts, enriching their analysis and interpretation of social data.
支持者还认为，舒茨作品的抽象性质是一种优势，而不是限制。通过开发全面的概念框架，舒茨的理论为分析广泛的社会问题提供了一个灵活且适应性强的工具。研究人员可以将 Schutz 的概念应用于各种实证背景，丰富他们对社会数据的分析和解释。

In summary, while Alfred Schutz’s work has faced criticisms for its abstract nature and lack of direct engagement with empirical data, it remains a valuable contribution to the field of sociology. Schutz’s phenomenological approach provides essential insights into the subjective dimensions of social reality, offering a robust theoretical foundation that can inform and enhance empirical research. By addressing the critiques and highlighting the strengths of Schutz’s work, scholars can continue to build on his legacy and advance our understanding of social life.
总而言之，虽然阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的工作因其抽象性质和缺乏与实证数据的直接接触而受到批评，但它仍然是对社会学领域的宝贵贡献。舒茨的现象学方法为社会现实的主观维度提供了重要的见解，提供了坚实的理论基础，可以为实证研究提供信息和加强。通过回应批评并强调舒茨工作的优势，学者们可以继续发扬他的遗产，并推进我们对社会生活的理解。

Applications of Schutz’s Theories 舒茨理论的应用

Use in nursing and medicine 用于护理和医学

Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological sociology has found valuable applications in the fields of nursing and medicine, where understanding the subjective experiences of patients is crucial for providing effective care. Schutz’s emphasis on the life-world and the structures of consciousness offers a framework for exploring how patients perceive their health, illness, and interactions with healthcare providers.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的现象学社会学在护理和医学领域发现了有价值的应用，在这些领域中，理解患者的主观体验对于提供有效护理至关重要。Schutz 对生活世界和意识结构的强调为探索患者如何看待他们的健康、疾病以及与医疗保健提供者的互动提供了一个框架。

In nursing, Schutz’s theories have been used to develop patient-centered care models that prioritize the individual experiences and needs of patients. By focusing on the subjective perspectives of patients, nurses can better understand their fears, hopes, and expectations, leading to more compassionate and personalized care. Schutz’s concept of typifications and recipes can also help nurses navigate the complexities of patient care by providing practical guides for understanding and responding to patients’ needs.
在护理方面，Schutz 的理论已被用于开发以患者为中心的护理模式，优先考虑患者的个人体验和需求。通过关注患者的主观观点，护士可以更好地了解他们的恐惧、希望和期望，从而获得更加富有同情心和个性化的护理。Schutz 的类型化和食谱概念还可以通过提供理解和响应患者需求的实用指南，帮助护士驾驭患者护理的复杂性。

In medicine, Schutz’s phenomenology has been applied to explore the experiences of patients with chronic illnesses, mental health conditions, and other long-term health challenges. By examining how patients construct and interpret their experiences of illness, healthcare providers can develop more effective communication strategies and treatment plans that address the psychological and emotional dimensions of health.
在医学上，舒茨的现象学已被应用于探索患有慢性病、心理健康状况和其他长期健康挑战的患者的经历。通过检查患者如何构建和解释他们的疾病经历，医疗保健提供者可以制定更有效的沟通策略和治疗计划，以解决健康的心理和情感层面。

Analysis of subjective experiences of illness and recovery 分析疾病和康复的主观体验

Schutz’s emphasis on subjective experience is particularly relevant for analyzing the experiences of illness and recovery. Illness disrupts the taken-for-granted nature of the life-world, forcing individuals to confront new realities and challenges. Schutz’s framework provides a tool for exploring how patients make sense of their illness, cope with its impacts, and navigate the recovery process.
舒茨对主观体验的强调与分析疾病和康复的经历特别相关。疾病破坏了生活世界理所当然的本质，迫使个人面对新的现实和挑战。Schutz 的框架提供了一种工具，用于探索患者如何理解他们的疾病、应对其影响以及驾驭康复过程。

One key aspect of this analysis is the concept of biographical disruption, which refers to the way illness interrupts an individual’s life narrative and requires the construction of new meanings and identities. Schutz’s theories help to illuminate how patients reinterpret their past experiences, adjust their present behaviors, and envision their future in light of their illness. This process of meaning-making is crucial for understanding how patients adapt to and manage their health conditions.
这种分析的一个关键方面是传记中断的概念，它指的是疾病打断个人生活叙述并需要构建新的意义和身份的方式。Schutz 的理论有助于阐明患者如何重新解释他们过去的经历，调整他们现在的行为，并根据他们的疾病设想他们的未来。这种意义建构过程对于理解患者如何适应和管理他们的健康状况至关重要。

Another important application of Schutz’s theories is in understanding the role of social support in recovery. Schutz’s focus on intersubjectivity and the mutual understanding between individuals highlights the importance of supportive relationships in the healing process. By examining how patients interact with family, friends, and healthcare providers, researchers can identify the factors that contribute to successful recovery and the barriers that may hinder it.
舒茨理论的另一个重要应用是理解社会支持在康复中的作用。Schutz 对主体间性和个体之间相互理解的关注强调了支持关系在治愈过程中的重要性。通过检查患者如何与家人、朋友和医疗保健提供者互动，研究人员可以确定有助于成功康复的因素以及可能阻碍康复的障碍。

Broader applications in understanding social life 在理解社会生活方面的更广泛应用

Beyond nursing and medicine, Schutz’s phenomenological sociology has broader applications in various fields of social science and humanities. His theories offer valuable insights into the subjective dimensions of social life, providing a robust framework for analyzing how individuals construct and navigate their social reality.
除了护理和医学，舒茨的现象学社会学在社会科学和人文科学的各个领域都有更广泛的应用。他的理论为社会生活的主观维度提供了宝贵的见解，为分析个人如何构建和驾驭他们的社会现实提供了一个强大的框架。

In education, Schutz’s emphasis on the life-world and the processes of meaning-making can inform teaching and learning practices. By understanding how students construct knowledge and interpret their experiences, educators can develop more effective pedagogical strategies that address the diverse needs and perspectives of learners.
在教育方面，舒茨对生活世界和意义建构过程的强调可以为教学实践提供信息。通过了解学生如何构建知识和解释他们的经验，教育工作者可以制定更有效的教学策略，以满足学习者的不同需求和观点。

In organizational studies, Schutz’s focus on typifications and recipes can be applied to explore how employees navigate workplace environments and interact with colleagues. By examining the shared understandings and practical guides that shape organizational behavior, researchers can identify ways to improve communication, collaboration, and overall organizational effectiveness.
在组织研究中，Schutz 对类型化和配方的关注可用于探索员工如何驾驭工作场所环境并与同事互动。通过检查塑造组织行为的共同理解和实践指南，研究人员可以确定改善沟通、协作和整体组织效率的方法。

In cultural studies, Schutz’s theories can be used to analyze how individuals construct and negotiate cultural identities and meanings. By exploring the subjective experiences and intersubjective processes that underlie cultural practices, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of how culture shapes and is shaped by social interactions.
在文化研究中，舒茨的理论可用于分析个人如何构建和协商文化身份和意义。通过探索构成文化实践基础的主观体验和主体间过程，研究人员可以更深入地了解文化如何塑造社会互动以及如何被社会互动塑造。

Overall, Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological sociology offers a versatile and insightful framework for exploring the subjective dimensions of social life. By applying his theories to various fields and contexts, researchers can develop a richer and more nuanced understanding of the complexities of human experience and social reality.
总的来说，阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的现象学社会学为探索社会生活的主观维度提供了一个多才多艺且富有洞察力的框架。通过将他的理论应用于各种领域和背景，研究人员可以对人类经验和社会现实的复杂性有更丰富、更细致的理解。

Contemporary Relevance of Schutz’s Work 舒茨作品的当代意义

Schutz’s continuing influence on sociological research 舒茨对社会学研究的持续影响

Alfred Schutz’s work continues to exert a profound influence on contemporary sociological research, particularly in areas that emphasize the subjective experience of individuals and the construction of social reality. His phenomenological approach has inspired numerous scholars to explore the lived experiences of individuals and the processes through which social meanings are constructed and maintained.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的工作继续对当代社会学研究产生深远影响，特别是在强调个人主观体验和社会现实建构的领域。他的现象学方法激发了众多学者探索个人的生活经验以及构建和维持社会意义的过程。

One significant area of influence is in the field of ethnomethodology, which builds directly on Schutz’s insights into the everyday methods people use to make sense of their social world. Ethnomethodologists, like Harold Garfinkel, have extended Schutz’s work by examining the practical reasoning and implicit methods individuals use to achieve mutual understanding and coordinate their actions in everyday life.
一个重要的影响力领域是民族方法学领域，它直接建立在 Schutz 对人们用来理解社会世界的日常方法的见解之上。哈罗德·加芬克尔 （Harold Garfinkel） 等民族方法学家通过研究个人用于实现相互理解和协调日常生活行动的实用推理和隐含方法，扩展了舒茨的工作。

Additionally, Schutz’s concepts of typifications and the life-world have informed research in the sociology of knowledge and social constructionism. Scholars like Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann have drawn on Schutz’s ideas to explore how social reality is constructed through everyday interactions and how shared meanings and norms are established and maintained within societies.
此外，舒茨的类型化和生活世界概念为知识社会学和社会建构主义的研究提供了信息。彼得·伯格 （Peter Berger） 和托马斯·卢克曼 （Thomas Luckmann） 等学者借鉴了舒茨的思想，探讨了如何通过日常互动构建社会现实，以及如何在社会中建立和维护共同的意义和规范。

Relevance of his theories in modern sociological studies 他的理论在现代社会学研究中的相关性

Schutz’s theories remain highly relevant in modern sociological studies, particularly those that focus on micro-level interactions and the subjective dimensions of social life. His emphasis on the life-world and the intentional structures of consciousness provides a valuable framework for analyzing how individuals navigate their social environments and construct their identities.
舒茨的理论在现代社会学研究中仍然具有高度相关性，尤其是那些专注于微观层面互动和社会生活主观维度的研究。他对生活世界和意识的意向性结构的强调为分析个人如何驾驭他们的社会环境和构建他们的身份提供了一个有价值的框架。

In the context of globalization and increasing cultural diversity, Schutz’s insights into the experiences of strangers and homecomers are particularly pertinent. Researchers have applied his theories to explore how individuals adapt to new cultural environments, negotiate their identities, and establish social connections in multicultural settings. This work is crucial for understanding the challenges and opportunities of migration and cultural integration in a globalized world.
在全球化和文化多样性日益增强的背景下，舒茨对陌生人和归乡者经历的见解尤为中肯。研究人员应用他的理论来探索个人如何适应新的文化环境、协商他们的身份并在多元文化环境中建立社会联系。这项工作对于理解全球化世界中移民和文化融合的挑战和机遇至关重要。

Moreover, Schutz’s focus on the life-world and the natural attitude is relevant for studies of everyday life and the taken-for-granted aspects of social reality. Researchers have used his concepts to investigate how individuals engage with technology, media, and other aspects of modern life, examining how these elements shape and are shaped by subjective experiences and social interactions.
此外，舒茨对生活世界和自然态度的关注与日常生活和社会现实理所当然方面的研究有关。研究人员使用他的概念来研究个人如何与技术、媒体和现代生活的其他方面互动，研究这些元素如何塑造主观体验和社会互动并被塑造。

Examples of contemporary research using Schutzian concepts 使用 Schutzian 概念的当代研究示例

Several contemporary research projects have successfully applied Schutzian concepts to analyze various social phenomena. For example, studies in healthcare have used Schutz’s ideas to explore the patient experience, examining how individuals make sense of their illness and navigate the healthcare system. This research highlights the importance of understanding patients’ subjective perspectives to improve the quality of care and patient outcomes.
几个当代研究项目成功地将 Schutzian 概念应用于分析各种社会现象。例如，医疗保健研究使用 Schutz 的想法来探索患者体验，研究个人如何理解自己的疾病并驾驭医疗保健系统。这项研究强调了了解患者主观观点对提高护理质量和患者预后的重要性。

In education, Schutz’s concepts have been used to investigate how students construct knowledge and meaning within the classroom. Researchers have examined the role of typifications and recipes in shaping educational practices and interactions, providing insights into how to create more effective and inclusive learning environments.
在教育领域，Schutz 的概念已被用于研究学生如何在课堂上构建知识和意义。研究人员研究了类型化和食谱在塑造教育实践和互动中的作用，为如何创造更有效和更具包容性的学习环境提供了见解。

In organizational studies, Schutzian concepts have been applied to analyze workplace dynamics and organizational culture. Researchers have explored how employees use typifications to navigate complex organizational structures and how these shared understandings influence communication, collaboration, and overall organizational effectiveness.
在组织研究中，Schutzian 概念已被应用于分析工作场所动态和组织文化。研究人员探索了员工如何使用类型来驾驭复杂的组织结构，以及这些共同的理解如何影响沟通、协作和整体组织效率。

These examples demonstrate the versatility and applicability of Schutz’s theories across various fields and contexts. By incorporating Schutzian concepts into their research, contemporary scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the subjective dimensions of social life and the processes through which individuals construct and navigate their social reality.
这些例子证明了 Schutz 理论在各种领域和背景下的多功能性和适用性。通过将 Schutzian 概念纳入他们的研究，当代学者可以更深入地了解社会生活的主观维度以及个人构建和驾驭其社会现实的过程。

Schutz’s Philosophical Legacy 舒茨的哲学遗产

Contributions to the philosophical study of consciousness 对意识哲学研究的贡献

Alfred Schutz’s contributions to the philosophical study of consciousness are profound and enduring. By integrating phenomenological insights into sociology, Schutz provided a unique perspective on the nature of consciousness and its role in shaping human experience and social reality. His work emphasizes the intentionality of consciousness and the importance of understanding the subjective dimensions of human existence.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 对意识哲学研究的贡献是深远而持久的。通过将现象学见解融入社会学，舒茨为意识的本质及其在塑造人类经验和社会现实中的作用提供了独特的视角。他的工作强调意识的意向性以及理解人类存在的主观维度的重要性。

One of Schutz’s key contributions is his exploration of the life-world as the foundational layer of experience. By examining the pre-theoretical realm of everyday life, Schutz highlighted the ways in which individuals construct meanings and navigate their social environments. This focus on the life-world has influenced subsequent philosophical inquiries into the nature of consciousness and the structures of experience.
舒茨的主要贡献之一是他对生活世界作为经验基础层的探索。通过研究日常生活的前理论领域，舒茨强调了个人构建意义和驾驭其社会环境的方式。这种对生命世界的关注影响了后来对意识本质和经验结构的哲学探究。

Schutz’s emphasis on intentionality and the directedness of consciousness toward objects and events has also had a significant impact on philosophical studies of mind and perception. His work provides valuable insights into how individuals interpret and make sense of their experiences, contributing to a deeper understanding of the relationship between consciousness and reality.
舒茨对意向性的强调以及意识对物体和事件的直接性也对心灵和感知的哲学研究产生了重大影响。他的工作为个人如何解释和理解他们的经历提供了宝贵的见解，有助于更深入地理解意识与现实之间的关系。

The distinction between phenomenology and other philosophical approaches 现象学与其他哲学方法的区别

Schutz’s phenomenological approach is distinct from other philosophical approaches in several key ways. Unlike positivist and empirical methodologies that focus on objective measurement and quantification, phenomenology emphasizes the subjective dimensions of experience and the intentional structures of consciousness. This focus on subjectivity and intentionality sets phenomenology apart from other approaches that prioritize objective data and external observation.
舒茨的现象学方法在几个关键方面与其他哲学方法不同。与专注于客观测量和量化的实证主义和实证方法不同，现象学强调经验的主观维度和意识的意向性结构。这种对主观性和意向性的关注使现象学有别于其他优先考虑客观数据和外部观察的方法。

Moreover, phenomenology differs from analytic philosophy in its emphasis on lived experience and the descriptive analysis of consciousness. While analytic philosophy often focuses on logical analysis and the structure of language, phenomenology seeks to uncover the essential features of human experience through detailed description and reflection. This emphasis on description and intentionality provides a unique perspective on the nature of consciousness and its role in shaping human existence.
此外，现象学与分析哲学的不同之处在于它强调生活经验和对意识的描述性分析。分析哲学通常侧重于逻辑分析和语言结构，而现象学则试图通过详细的描述和反思来揭示人类经验的基本特征。这种对描述和意向性的强调为意识的本质及其在塑造人类存在中的作用提供了独特的视角。

Schutz’s integration of phenomenology into sociology further distinguishes his approach by combining philosophical insights with sociological analysis. This interdisciplinary perspective allows for a more comprehensive understanding of social reality, bridging the gap between subjective experience and objective social structures. By combining phenomenology and sociology, Schutz’s work offers valuable insights into the complexities of human behavior and social interaction.
舒茨将现象学整合到社会学中，通过将哲学见解与社会学分析相结合，进一步使他的方法与众不同。这种跨学科的视角允许更全面地理解社会现实，弥合主观经验和客观社会结构之间的差距。通过将现象学和社会学相结合，舒茨的工作为人类行为和社会互动的复杂性提供了宝贵的见解。

Schutz’s place in the history of philosophy 舒茨在哲学史上的地位

Alfred Schutz occupies a significant place in the history of philosophy as a pioneering figure in phenomenological sociology. His work has influenced a wide range of disciplines, including sociology, philosophy, psychology, and cultural studies. Schutz’s contributions to the study of consciousness, intentionality, and the life-world have left a lasting legacy, shaping subsequent philosophical and sociological inquiries.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 作为现象学社会学的先驱人物，在哲学史上占有重要地位。他的工作影响了广泛的学科，包括社会学、哲学、心理学和文化研究。舒茨对意识、意向性和生活世界研究的贡献留下了持久的遗产，塑造了后来的哲学和社会学研究。

Schutz’s integration of phenomenological insights into sociology represents a major advancement in both fields, providing a robust framework for understanding the subjective dimensions of social life. His emphasis on the intentional structures of consciousness and the construction of social reality has inspired numerous scholars to explore the lived experiences of individuals and the processes through which social meanings are created and maintained.
舒茨将现象学见解融入社会学代表了这两个领域的重大进步，为理解社会生活的主观维度提供了一个强有力的框架。他对意识的有意识结构和社会现实建构的强调激发了众多学者探索个人的生活经验以及创造和维持社会意义的过程。

In the broader context of philosophy, Schutz’s work contributes to ongoing debates about the nature of consciousness, the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, and the role of intentionality in human experience. His phenomenological approach provides a valuable counterbalance to more empirical and positivist methodologies, emphasizing the importance of understanding the subjective dimensions of human existence.
在更广泛的哲学背景下，舒茨的工作为正在进行的关于意识本质、主观性与客观性之间的关系以及意向性在人类经验中的作用的辩论做出了贡献。他的现象学方法为更多的实证和实证主义方法提供了有价值的平衡，强调了理解人类存在的主观维度的重要性。

Overall, Alfred Schutz’s place in the history of philosophy is marked by his innovative integration of phenomenology and sociology, his profound insights into the nature of consciousness and social reality, and his enduring influence on contemporary philosophical and sociological research.
总的来说，阿尔弗雷德·舒茨在哲学史上的地位体现于他对现象学和社会学的创新整合，他对意识和社会现实本质的深刻见解，以及他对当代哲学和社会学研究的持久影响。

Integration with Other Sociological Theories 与其他社会学理论的整合

Comparison with symbolic interactionism 与符号互动主义的比较

Symbolic interactionism, a major sociological perspective developed by scholars such as George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer, shares several key similarities with Schutz’s phenomenological sociology. Both approaches emphasize the importance of subjective experience, meaning-making, and social interaction in understanding human behavior and social reality.
符号互动主义是乔治·赫伯特·米德 （George Herbert Mead） 和赫伯特·布鲁默 （Herbert Blumer） 等学者提出的一个主要社会学观点，与舒茨的现象学社会学有几个关键的相似之处。这两种方法都强调主观体验、意义建构和社会互动在理解人类行为和社会现实中的重要性。

Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals create and interpret symbols and meanings through social interaction. It posits that social reality is constructed through the ongoing process of communication and interaction, where individuals negotiate and assign meanings to objects, events, and behaviors. This emphasis on the construction of meaning aligns closely with Schutz’s focus on typifications, recipes, and the life-world.
符号互动主义侧重于个人如何通过社交互动创造和解释符号和意义。它假设社会现实是通过持续的交流和互动过程构建的，在这个过程中，个人协商并为物体、事件和行为赋予意义。这种对意义建构的强调与 Schutz 对类型化、食谱和生活世界的关注密切相关。

However, there are also important differences between the two approaches. While symbolic interactionism primarily draws on the pragmatist tradition and emphasizes the role of symbols and language in social interaction, Schutz’s phenomenological sociology is grounded in the philosophical principles of phenomenology and emphasizes the intentional structures of consciousness. Schutz’s approach provides a more detailed analysis of the subjective dimensions of experience and the foundational structures of social reality.
但是，这两种方法之间也存在重要差异。符号互动主义主要借鉴实用主义传统并强调符号和语言在社会互动中的作用，而舒茨的现象学社会学则以现象学的哲学原则为基础，强调意识的意向性结构。舒茨的方法对经验的主观维度和社会现实的基本结构进行了更详细的分析。

Relationship to structural functionalism 与结构功能主义的关系

Structural functionalism, another major sociological perspective associated with scholars like Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton, differs significantly from Schutz’s phenomenological sociology. Structural functionalism focuses on the macro-level analysis of social structures and their functions in maintaining social order and stability. It emphasizes the interdependence of social institutions and the role of social norms in regulating behavior.
结构功能主义是与塔尔科特·帕森斯 （Talcott Parsons） 和罗伯特·默顿 （Robert K. Merton） 等学者相关的另一个主要社会学观点，与舒茨的现象学社会学有很大不同。结构功能主义侧重于对社会结构及其在维护社会秩序和稳定方面的功能的宏层面分析。它强调社会制度的相互依存性以及社会规范在规范行为中的作用。

In contrast, Schutz’s phenomenological sociology focuses on the micro-level analysis of subjective experience and the construction of social reality. Schutz emphasizes the importance of understanding the intentional structures of consciousness and the life-world, providing a detailed analysis of how individuals navigate their social environments and construct meanings.
相比之下，舒茨的现象学社会学侧重于对主观经验的微观分析和社会现实的建构。舒茨强调了理解意识和生活世界的意向性结构的重要性，详细分析了个人如何驾驭他们的社会环境和构建意义。

While structural functionalism prioritizes objective analysis and the functions of social structures, Schutz’s approach highlights the subjective dimensions of social life and the processes of meaning-making. Despite these differences, both approaches contribute valuable insights to the field of sociology, with structural functionalism offering a macro-level perspective on social systems and Schutz’s phenomenology providing a micro-level analysis of individual experience and interaction.
结构功能主义优先考虑客观分析和社会结构的功能，而舒茨的方法则强调社会生活的主观维度和意义建构的过程。尽管存在这些差异，但这两种方法都为社会学领域提供了宝贵的见解，结构功能主义提供了对社会系统的宏观视角，而舒茨的现象学提供了对个人经验和互动的微观分析。

Influence on postmodern sociology 对后现代社会学的影响

Schutz’s phenomenological sociology has also influenced the development of postmodern sociology, particularly in its emphasis on the fluid and constructed nature of social reality. Postmodern sociology, associated with thinkers like Michel Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, and Zygmunt Bauman, challenges traditional notions of objective truth and stable social structures, emphasizing the fragmented, contingent, and constructed nature of social reality.
舒茨的现象学社会学也影响了后现代社会学的发展，特别是它强调社会现实的流动性和建构性。后现代社会学与米歇尔·福柯、让·鲍德里亚和齐格蒙特·鲍曼等思想家相关联，挑战客观真理和稳定社会结构的传统观念，强调社会现实的碎片化、偶然性和建构性。

Schutz’s focus on the subjective dimensions of experience and the processes of meaning-making aligns with postmodern critiques of grand narratives and universal truths. His emphasis on the life-world and the construction of social reality provides a framework for understanding how individuals navigate a complex and ever-changing social environment.
舒茨对经验的主观维度和意义建构过程的关注与后现代对宏大叙事和普遍真理的批判一致。他对生活世界和社会现实建构的强调为理解个人如何在复杂和不断变化的社会环境中航行提供了一个框架。

Postmodern sociology extends Schutz’s insights by exploring how power, discourse, and technology shape social reality. It emphasizes the role of language, symbols, and media in constructing meanings and identities, highlighting the dynamic and contested nature of social life. Schutz’s phenomenological approach provides a valuable foundation for these postmodern analyses, offering insights into the intentional structures of consciousness and the lived experience of individuals.
后现代社会学通过探索权力、话语和技术如何塑造社会现实，扩展了舒茨的见解。它强调语言、符号和媒体在构建意义和身份中的作用，突出了社会生活的动态和争议性。舒茨的现象学方法为这些后现代分析提供了宝贵的基础，为意识的意向结构和个人的生活经验提供了见解。

Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological sociology has had a significant influence on various sociological theories, including symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, and postmodern sociology. By emphasizing the subjective dimensions of experience and the construction of social reality, Schutz’s work provides a valuable framework for understanding the complexities of human behavior and social interaction. His integration of phenomenology and sociology continues to inspire and inform contemporary sociological research, advancing our understanding of social life.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的现象学社会学对各种社会学理论产生了重大影响，包括符号互动主义、结构功能主义和后现代社会学。通过强调经验的主观维度和社会现实的建构，舒茨的工作为理解人类行为和社会互动的复杂性提供了一个有价值的框架。他将现象学和社会学相结合，继续启发和影响当代社会学研究，促进我们对社会生活的理解。

Schutz’s Methodological Contributions 舒茨的方法论贡献

Techniques for studying subjective experiences 研究主观体验的技巧

Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological approach has contributed significantly to the development of techniques for studying subjective experiences. His emphasis on the structures of consciousness and the life-world provides a robust framework for exploring how individuals perceive and interpret their social reality.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的现象学方法为研究主观体验的技术的发展做出了重大贡献。他对意识结构和生活世界的强调为探索个人如何感知和解释他们的社会现实提供了一个强大的框架。

One key technique is the use of phenomenological reduction, or epoché, which involves suspending preconceived notions and natural attitudes to focus on the pure experience of phenomena. This method allows researchers to examine the intentional structures of consciousness and uncover the essential features of experience. By bracketing out assumptions about the external world, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of how individuals construct meanings and navigate their social environment.
一个关键的技术是使用现象学还原或纪元，它涉及暂停先入为主的观念和自然态度，专注于对现象的纯粹体验。这种方法使研究人员能够检查意识的意向结构并揭示体验的基本特征。通过排除对外部世界的假设，研究人员可以更深入地了解个人如何构建意义和驾驭他们的社会环境。

Another important technique is the use of in-depth interviews and narrative analysis to explore individuals’ subjective experiences. These methods allow researchers to capture the rich, nuanced perspectives of individuals and examine the processes through which they make sense of their experiences. By analyzing personal narratives and life stories, researchers can uncover the typifications and recipes that guide individuals’ actions and interactions.
另一个重要的技术是使用深入访谈和叙述分析来探索个人的主观体验。这些方法使研究人员能够捕捉个人丰富、细致入微的观点，并检查他们理解自己经历的过程。通过分析个人叙述和生活故事，研究人员可以发现指导个人行为和互动的类型化和食谱。

The use of qualitative methods in Schutzian research Schutzian 研究中定性方法的使用

Schutz’s phenomenological sociology has also emphasized the importance of qualitative methods for studying social phenomena. Qualitative methods, such as participant observation, in-depth interviews, and case studies, are particularly well-suited for exploring the subjective dimensions of experience and the construction of social reality.
舒茨的现象学社会学也强调了定性方法对研究社会现象的重要性。定性方法，如参与者观察、深度访谈和案例研究，特别适合探索经验的主观维度和社会现实的构建。

Participant observation involves researchers immersing themselves in the social context they are studying to gain a firsthand understanding of the lived experiences of individuals. This method allows researchers to observe and interact with participants in their natural environment, providing valuable insights into the everyday practices and interactions that shape social reality.
参与者观察涉及研究人员将自己沉浸在他们正在研究的社会环境中，以获得对个人生活经历的第一手了解。这种方法允许研究人员在自然环境中观察参与者并与之互动，为塑造社会现实的日常实践和互动提供有价值的见解。

In-depth interviews, as mentioned earlier, allow researchers to explore individuals’ subjective experiences and meanings in detail. By engaging in open-ended, conversational interviews, researchers can capture the complexity and depth of individuals’ perspectives, revealing the intentional structures of consciousness and the processes of meaning-making.
如前所述，深度访谈使研究人员能够详细探索个人的主观体验和意义。通过参与开放式的对话式访谈，研究人员可以捕捉个人观点的复杂性和深度，揭示意识的有意结构和意义建构的过程。

Case studies provide a comprehensive and detailed analysis of specific social phenomena, allowing researchers to examine the interplay between individual experiences and broader social structures. By focusing on particular cases, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the contextual factors that shape social interactions and the construction of meanings.
案例研究提供了对特定社会现象的全面而详细的分析，使研究人员能够研究个人经历与更广泛的社会结构之间的相互作用。通过关注特定案例，研究人员可以更深入地了解塑造社会互动和意义构建的背景因素。

Implications for sociological research methodology 对社会学研究方法的启示

Schutz’s methodological contributions have significant implications for sociological research. By emphasizing the importance of understanding subjective experiences and the intentional structures of consciousness, Schutz’s approach challenges traditional empirical and positivist methodologies that prioritize objective measurement and quantification.
舒茨的方法论贡献对社会学研究具有重要意义。通过强调理解主观体验和意识的意向结构的重要性，舒茨的方法挑战了优先考虑客观测量和量化的传统实证主义和实证主义方法。

Schutz’s phenomenological sociology highlights the need for a more nuanced and comprehensive approach to studying social phenomena. By incorporating qualitative methods and focusing on the lived experiences of individuals, researchers can develop a deeper understanding of the complexities of social life and the processes through which social reality is constructed and maintained.
舒茨的现象学社会学强调需要一种更细致和全面的方法来研究社会现象。通过结合定性方法并关注个人的生活经历，研究人员可以更深入地了解社会生活的复杂性以及构建和维护社会现实的过程。

Furthermore, Schutz’s emphasis on the life-world and the natural attitude provides a valuable framework for exploring the everyday practices and interactions that shape social reality. By examining the pre-theoretical realm of everyday experience, researchers can uncover the foundational structures of social life and gain insights into the dynamics of social interaction and meaning-making.
此外，舒茨对生活世界和自然态度的强调为探索塑造社会现实的日常实践和互动提供了一个有价值的框架。通过研究日常经验的前理论领域，研究人员可以揭示社会生活的基本结构，并深入了解社会互动和意义建构的动态。

Alfred Schutz’s methodological contributions offer valuable tools and techniques for studying subjective experiences and the construction of social reality. By integrating phenomenological principles with qualitative methods, Schutz’s approach provides a robust framework for understanding the complexities of human behavior and social interaction. His work continues to inspire and inform contemporary sociological research, advancing our understanding of social life and the processes that shape it.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 在方法论上的贡献为研究主观经验和社会现实的构建提供了宝贵的工具和技术。通过将现象学原理与定性方法相结合，舒茨的方法为理解人类行为和社会互动的复杂性提供了一个强大的框架。他的工作继续启发和影响当代社会学研究，促进我们对社会生活及其塑造过程的理解。

Conclusion and Future Directions 结论和未来方向

Summary of Schutz’s contributions to sociology 舒茨对社会学的贡献总结

Alfred Schutz made significant contributions to the field of sociology by integrating phenomenological principles with sociological analysis. His work has provided valuable insights into the subjective dimensions of social life, emphasizing the importance of understanding the intentional structures of consciousness and the construction of social reality.
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 通过将现象学原理与社会学分析相结合，对社会学领域做出了重大贡献。他的工作为社会生活的主观维度提供了宝贵的见解，强调了理解意识的意向性结构和社会现实构建的重要性。

Schutz’s focus on the life-world, typifications, and recipes has offered a robust framework for exploring how individuals navigate their social environments and construct meanings. His emphasis on intersubjectivity and the mutual understanding between individuals has highlighted the fundamental role of social interactions in shaping social reality.
舒茨对生活世界、类型化和食谱的关注为探索个人如何驾驭其社会环境和构建意义提供了一个强大的框架。他对主体间性和个体之间相互理解的强调强调了社会互动在塑造社会现实中的基本作用。

By examining the experiences of strangers and homecomers, Schutz has provided a nuanced analysis of how individuals adapt to new social contexts and negotiate their identities. His work has also addressed the challenges and opportunities of navigating unfamiliar social environments, contributing to our understanding of migration, cultural integration, and social change.
通过研究陌生人和回家者的经历，舒茨对个人如何适应新的社会环境并协商他们的身份进行了细致的分析。他的工作还解决了驾驭陌生社会环境的挑战和机遇，有助于我们理解移民、文化融合和社会变革。

Schutz’s methodological contributions have emphasized the importance of qualitative methods for studying subjective experiences and the construction of social reality. His phenomenological approach offers valuable tools and techniques for exploring the lived experiences of individuals and the processes of meaning-making.
舒茨的方法论贡献强调了定性方法对于研究主观经验和社会现实构建的重要性。他的现象学方法为探索个人的生活经历和意义建构的过程提供了宝贵的工具和技术。

The ongoing relevance of his work 他工作的持续相关性

Schutz’s work remains highly relevant in contemporary sociological research, particularly in areas that emphasize the subjective experience of individuals and the construction of social reality. His phenomenological approach continues to inspire scholars to explore the lived experiences of individuals and the processes through which social meanings are constructed and maintained.
舒茨的工作在当代社会学研究中仍然具有高度相关性，特别是在强调个人主观体验和社会现实建构的领域。他的现象学方法继续激励学者探索个人的生活经历以及构建和维持社会意义的过程。

In the context of globalization and increasing cultural diversity, Schutz’s insights into the experiences of strangers and homecomers are particularly pertinent. Researchers have applied his theories to explore how individuals adapt to new cultural environments, negotiate their identities, and establish social connections in multicultural settings.
在全球化和文化多样性日益增强的背景下，舒茨对陌生人和归乡者经历的见解尤为中肯。研究人员应用他的理论来探索个人如何适应新的文化环境、协商他们的身份并在多元文化环境中建立社会联系。

Moreover, Schutz’s focus on the life-world and the natural attitude is relevant for studies of everyday life and the taken-for-granted aspects of social reality. Researchers have used his concepts to investigate how individuals engage with technology, media, and other aspects of modern life, examining how these elements shape and are shaped by subjective experiences and social interactions.
此外，舒茨对生活世界和自然态度的关注与日常生活和社会现实理所当然方面的研究有关。研究人员使用他的概念来研究个人如何与技术、媒体和现代生活的其他方面互动，研究这些元素如何塑造主观体验和社会互动并被塑造。

Future directions for research building on Schutz’s theories 以 Schutz 理论为基础的研究未来方向

Building on Schutz’s theories, future research can continue to explore the subjective dimensions of social life and the construction of social reality. Several potential directions for future research include:
以舒茨的理论为基础，未来的研究可以继续探索社会生活的主观维度和社会现实的建构。未来研究的几个潜在方向包括：

1. Exploring the impact of digital technology on the life-world: As digital technology becomes increasingly integrated into everyday life, researchers can examine how individuals navigate and construct meanings within digital environments. This research can explore the impact of social media, virtual reality, and other digital technologies on the subjective experience and social interactions.
   探索数字技术对生活世界的影响：随着数字技术越来越多地融入日常生活，研究人员可以研究个人如何在数字环境中导航和构建意义。这项研究可以探讨社交媒体、虚拟现实和其他数字技术对主观体验和社交互动的影响。
2. Investigating the experiences of marginalized and underrepresented groups: Schutz’s emphasis on the subjective experience can inform research on the experiences of marginalized and underrepresented groups. By examining how these individuals navigate social structures and construct their identities, researchers can develop a deeper understanding of social inequality and strategies for promoting social justice.
   调查边缘化和代表性不足群体的经历：Schutz 对主观体验的强调可以为对边缘化和代表性不足群体的经历的研究提供信息。通过研究这些人如何驾驭社会结构和构建他们的身份，研究人员可以更深入地了解社会不平等和促进社会正义的策略。
3. Examining the role of cultural and social change in shaping the life-world: Future research can investigate how cultural and social changes, such as globalization, migration, and technological advancements, influence the life-world and the processes of meaning-making. This research can provide insights into how individuals adapt to and negotiate these changes, contributing to our understanding of social dynamics and transformation.
   研究文化和社会变化在塑造生活世界方面的作用：未来的研究可以调查文化和社会变化，如全球化、移民和技术进步，如何影响生活世界和意义建构的过程。这项研究可以深入了解个人如何适应和协商这些变化，有助于我们理解社会动态和转型。
4. Integrating Schutz’s phenomenological approach with other sociological theories: Researchers can continue to explore the integration of Schutz’s phenomenological sociology with other theoretical frameworks, such as symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, and postmodern sociology. This interdisciplinary approach can provide a more comprehensive understanding of social reality and the complexities of human behavior.
   将舒茨的现象学方法与其他社会学理论相结合：研究人员可以继续探索舒茨的现象学社会学与其他理论框架的整合，例如符号互动主义、社会建构主义和后现代社会学。这种跨学科方法可以提供更全面的社会现实和人类行为复杂性的理解。

In summary, Alfred Schutz’s work has made significant contributions to the field of sociology, providing valuable insights into the subjective dimensions of social life and the construction of social reality. His phenomenological approach remains highly relevant in contemporary research, offering a robust framework for exploring the complexities of human experience and social interaction. By building on Schutz’s theories and integrating them with other sociological perspectives, future research can continue to advance our understanding of social life and the processes that shape it.
总之，阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 （Alfred Schutz） 的工作对社会学领域做出了重大贡献，为社会生活的主观维度和社会现实的构建提供了宝贵的见解。他的现象学方法在当代研究中仍然具有高度相关性，为探索人类经验和社会互动的复杂性提供了一个强有力的框架。通过建立舒茨的理论并将其与其他社会学观点相结合，未来的研究可以继续推进我们对社会生活及其塑造过程的理解。

via：

• Alfred Schutz: Pioneering Contributions to Phenomenological Sociology | Sociology Plus

  https://sociology.plus/alfred-schutz/