1. 简介
大部分网络摄像机,比如海康威视都支持rtsp协议视频流,但是web一般是无法直接播放rtsp协议视频流的,需要在服务器上把rtsp视频流转换成web其他协议。本篇博客介绍利用ffmpeg、nginx、flvjs实现web浏览rtsp视频流。主要参考了文章【入门】无插件web直播解决方案,ffmpeg+nginx-http-flv-module+flv.js、Nginx+FFmpeg 海康、大华NVR实现rtsp转flv实时预览+录像回放
所用到的服务器操作系统为ubuntu20.04。
2. 安装ffmpeg
sudo apt update && sudo apt install ffmpeg
3. 安装nginx
nginx需要安装nginx-http-flv-module以支持flv格式视频流,需要下载该模块,并从源码重新编译nginx,在编译nginx前还需要下载一些必要的依赖,以下参考了nginx源码编译教程
3.1 安装nginx依赖
3.1.1 pcre
教程中给的pcre下载链接无法使用,我更换成了以下链接https://ftp.pcre.org/pub/pcre/pcre-8.44.tar.gz pcre官方不再维护,这是镜像地址https://sourceforge.net/projects/pcre/files/pcre/8.44/
wget https://ftp.pcre.org/pub/pcre/pcre-8.44.tar.gz
tar -zxf pcre-8.44.tar.gz
cd pcre-8.44
./configure
make
sudo make install
3.1.2 zlib
wget http://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz
tar -zxf zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz
cd zlib-1.2.11
./configure
make
sudo make install
3.1.3 openssl
再次按照该文档编译时,发现编译nginx执行configure命令无法找到编译的openssl(经测试发现–prefix=/usr改为–prefix=/usr/local即可),改为用sudo apt-get install libssl-dev
直接安装,以下为原来的编译教程
教程中./Configure darwin64-x86_64-cc --prefix=/usr配置后有问题,我参考stackoverflow解决方案,做了更改
wget http://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1g.tar.gz
tar -zxf openssl-1.1.1g.tar.gz
cd openssl-1.1.1g
./Configure LIST | grep -i linux
./Configure linux-x86_64 --prefix=/usr/local
make
sudo make install
3.2 编译nginx
3.2.1 下载nginx
wget https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
tar zxf nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
3.2.2 下载nginx-http-flv-module
git clone https://github.com/winshining/nginx-http-flv-module.git
3.2.3 编译
下方/path/to应该修改成你的nginx-http-flv-module文件夹的位置,比如我在home目录hfy下执行的git clone命令,nginx-http-flv-module文件夹位于我的家目录中,配置命令应该写成./configure --add-module=/home/hfy/nginx-http-flv-module
cd nginx-1.18.0
./configure --add-module=/path/to/nginx-http-flv-module
make
sudo make install
4. 配置nginx
sudo vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
打开nginx配置文件,删除原来的配置内容,替换为nginx-http-flv-module github readme最后给出的example configuration
4.1 重点配置介绍
...
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80; #http-flv的拉流端口
...
# http-flv的相关配置
location /live {
flv_live on; #打开HTTP播放FLV直播流功能
chunked_transfer_encoding on; #支持'Transfer-Encoding: chunked'方式回复
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*'; #添加额外的HTTP头
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' 'true'; #添加额外的HTTP头
}
...
}
}
rtmp_auto_push on;
rtmp_auto_push_reconnect 1s;
rtmp_socket_dir /tmp;
rtmp {
out_queue 4096;
out_cork 8;
max_streams 128;
timeout 15s;
drop_idle_publisher 15s;
log_interval 5s; #log模块在access.log中记录日志的间隔时间,对调试非常有用
log_size 1m; #log模块用来记录日志的缓冲区大小
server {
listen 1935;
server_name www.test.*; #用于虚拟主机名后缀通配
#ffmpeg推流的application
application myapp {
live on;
gop_cache on; #打开GOP缓存,减少首屏等待时间 on时第一帧加载快,off时第一帧加载慢
# @StringKai 在博客https://blog.csdn.net/string_kai/article/details/100598268提到on时延高,off时延低,不过我在测试时并没有感觉出时延的差别
}
...
}
...
}
4.2 完整配置(方便复制粘贴)
worker_processes 1; #should be 1 for Windows, for it doesn't support Unix domain socket
#worker_processes auto; #from versions 1.3.8 and 1.2.5
#worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000; #only available on FreeBSD and Linux
#worker_cpu_affinity auto; #from version 1.9.10
error_log logs/error.log error;
#if the module is compiled as a dynamic module and features relevant
#to RTMP are needed, the command below MUST be specified and MUST be
#located before events directive, otherwise the module won't be loaded
#or will be loaded unsuccessfully when NGINX is started
#load_module modules/ngx_http_flv_live_module.so;
events {
worker_connections 4096;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80;
location / {
root /var/www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
location /live {
flv_live on; #open flv live streaming (subscribe)
chunked_transfer_encoding on; #open 'Transfer-Encoding: chunked' response
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*'; #add additional HTTP header
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' 'true'; #add additional HTTP header
}
location /hls {
types {
application/vnd.apple.mpegurl m3u8;
video/mp2t ts;
}
root /tmp;
add_header 'Cache-Control' 'no-cache';
}
location /dash {
root /tmp;
add_header 'Cache-Control' 'no-cache';
}
location /stat {
#configuration of streaming & recording statistics
rtmp_stat all;
rtmp_stat_stylesheet stat.xsl;
}
location /stat.xsl {
root /var/www/rtmp; #specify in where stat.xsl located
}
#if JSON style stat needed, no need to specify
#stat.xsl but a new directive rtmp_stat_format
#location /stat {
# rtmp_stat all;
# rtmp_stat_format json;
#}
location /control {
rtmp_control all; #configuration of control module of rtmp
}
}
}
rtmp_auto_push on;
rtmp_auto_push_reconnect 1s;
rtmp_socket_dir /tmp;
rtmp {
out_queue 4096;
out_cork 8;
max_streams 128;
timeout 15s;
drop_idle_publisher 15s;
log_interval 5s; #interval used by log module to log in access.log, it is very useful for debug
log_size 1m; #buffer size used by log module to log in access.log
server {
listen 1935;
server_name www.test.*; #for suffix wildcard matching of virtual host name
application myapp {
live on;
gop_cache on; #open GOP cache for reducing the wating time for the first picture of video
}
application hls {
live on;
hls on;
hls_path /tmp/hls;
}
application dash {
live on;
dash on;
dash_path /tmp/dash;
}
}
server {
listen 1935;
server_name *.test.com; #for prefix wildcard matching of virtual host name
application myapp {
live on;
gop_cache on; #open GOP cache for reducing the wating time for the first picture of video
}
}
server {
listen 1935;
server_name www.test.com; #for completely matching of virtual host name
application myapp {
live on;
gop_cache on; #open GOP cache for reducing the wating time for the first picture of video
}
}
}
5. ffmpeg推流
5.1 海康威视网络摄像机推流命令
ffmpeg推流命令主要参考了文章:Nginx+FFmpeg 海康、大华NVR实现rtsp转flv实时预览+录像回放,详细介绍了如何使用ffmpeg对海康威视网络摄像机推流
ffmpeg -rtsp_transport tcp -i rtsp://user:password@ip:port/Streaming/channels/101 -c copy -f flv rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/myapp/mystream
参数解析
-rtsp_transport tcp: 固定写法
user:用户名
password:密码
ip:摄像头或NVR的IP地址
port:摄像头或NVR的RTSP端口,默认是554,具体的RTSP取流规则可以百度
-c copy: 输出直接复制,不转换格式
-f flv:转成flv
rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/myapp/mystream:根据Nginx配置文件生成,端口号1935与nginx配置中的listen 1935对应;myapp对应配置文件中的application myapp;mystream名字不固定,会在后续用flvjs取流时用到
附海康威视网络摄像机rtsp取流地址
【新版本】
URL规定:
rtsp://username:password@[address]:[port]/Streaming/Channels/[id](?parm1=value1&parm2-=value2…)
注:VLC可以支持解析URL里的用户名密码,实际发给设备的RTSP请求不支持带用户名密码。
详细描述:
举例说明:
通道01主码流:
rtsp://admin:[email protected]:554/Streaming/Channels/101?transportmode=unicast
通道01子码流:
rtsp://admin:[email protected]:554/Streaming/Channels/102?transportmode=unicast(单播)
rtsp://admin:[email protected]:554/Streaming/Channels/102?transportmode=multicast (多播)
rtsp://admin:[email protected]:554/Streaming/Channels/102 (?后面可省略,默认单播)
通道01第3码流:
rtsp://admin:[email protected]:554/Streaming/Channels/103?transportmode=unicast
零通道主码流(零通道无子码流):
rtsp://admin:[email protected]:554/Streaming/Channels/001
注:新版本URL,通道号全部按顺序从1开始。
5.2 rtsp视频流公共测试地址
如果手头没有现成的网络摄像头供测试,可以使用公共的rtsp视频测试地址
rtsp://wowzaec2demo.streamlock.net/vod/mp4:BigBuckBunny_115k.mov
相应的推流命令如下
ffmpeg -rtsp_transport tcp -i rtsp://wowzaec2demo.streamlock.net/vod/mp4:BigBuckBunny_115k.mov -c copy -f flv rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/myapp/mystream
6. flvjs播放
flvjs是哔哩哔哩开源的web播放器,使用方法可以参考官方demo。但是官方给出的demo代码比较多,如果只是想简单实现的话可以参考下方的完整代码,注意flvjs是通过bootcdn引入的。
6.1 关键代码说明
var flvPlayer = flvjs.createPlayer({
type: 'flv',
enableWorker: true, //浏览器端开启flv.js的worker,多进程运行flv.js
isLive: true, //直播模式
hasAudio: true, //开启音频
hasVideo: true,
stashInitialSize: 128,
enableStashBuffer: false, //播放flv时,设置是否启用播放缓存,只在直播起作用。
url: ''
})
url格式 http://example.com:80/live?port=1935&app=myapp&stream=mystream
example.com:80中的80端口与nginx配置中listen 80对应,后面的三个get参数port=1935&app=myapp&stream=mystream是固定格式,1935与nginx配置listen 1935对应,myapp与nginx配置中application myapp对应,mystream与ffmpeg推流命令最后的rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/myapp/mystream 对应
6.2 完整代码(方便复制粘贴)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>flv.js demo</title>
<style>
.mainContainer {
display: block;
width: 1024px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
.urlInput {
display: block;
width: 100%;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
margin-top: 8px;
margin-bottom: 8px;
}
.centeredVideo {
display: block;
width: 100%;
height: 576px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
margin-bottom: auto;
}
.controls {
display: block;
width: 100%;
text-align: left;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="mainContainer">
<video id="videoElement" class="centeredVideo" controls width="1024" height="576">Your browser is too old which doesn't support HTML5 video.</video>
</div>
<br>
<div class="controls">
<button onclick="flv_start()">开始</button>
<button onclick="flv_pause()">暂停</button>
<button onclick="flv_destroy()">停止</button>
<input style="width:100px" type="text" name="seekpoint" />
<button onclick="flv_seekto()">跳转</button>
</div>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/flv.js/1.5.0/flv.js"></script>
<script>
var vElement = document.getElementById('videoElement');
if (flvjs.isSupported()) {
var flvPlayer = flvjs.createPlayer({
type: 'flv',
enableWorker: true, //浏览器端开启flv.js的worker,多进程运行flv.js
isLive: true, //直播模式
hasAudio: true, //关闭音频
hasVideo: true,
stashInitialSize: 128,
enableStashBuffer: false, //播放flv时,设置是否启用播放缓存,只在直播起作用。
url: 'http://example.com/live?port=1935&app=myapp&stream=mystream'
});
flvPlayer.attachMediaElement(vElement)
flvPlayer.load() //加载
}
setInterval(function () {
vElement.playbackRate = 1
console.log("时延校正判断");
if (!vElement.buffered.length) {
return
}
var end = vElement.buffered.end(0)
var diff = end - vElement.currentTime
console.log(diff)
if (5 <= diff && diff <=60) {
console.log("二倍速")
vElement.playbackRate = 2
}
if (diff > 60) {
console.log("跳帧")
vElement.currentTime = end
}
}, 2500)
function flv_start() {
flvPlayer.play()
}
function flv_pause() {
flvPlayer.pause()
}
function flv_destroy() {
flvPlayer.pause()
flvPlayer.unload()
flvPlayer.detachMediaElement()
flvPlayer.destroy()
flvPlayer = null
}
function flv_seekto() {
player.currentTime = parseFloat(document.getElementsByName('seekpoint')[0].value)
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
7. 其他问题
至此已经完成了整个实现过程,但是还有一些问题需要注意。
7.1 累积时延问题
由于网络波动或者网页切换到后台等原因,flvjs播放会有累积时延,这在摄像头监控画面中是无法忍受的,主要参考了github issues以及【入门】无插件web直播解决方案,ffmpeg+nginx-http-flv-module+flv.js给出的解决方案:video对象可以获取currentTime以及endTime,设置一个定时器比较一下二者时间差,时间差小于60s时倍速播放,大于60s时直接跳帧,因为视频监控的用户更关心最近的画面,代码已经在6.2中给出,如下:
setInterval(function () {
vElement.playbackRate = 1
console.log("时延校正判断");
if (!vElement.buffered.length) {
return
}
var end = vElement.buffered.end(0)
var diff = end - vElement.currentTime
console.log(diff)
if (5 <= diff && diff <=60) {
console.log("二倍速")
vElement.playbackRate = 2
}
if (diff > 60) {
console.log("跳帧")
vElement.currentTime = end
}
}, 2500)
7.2 自动播放问题
有时候可能一个web页面需要展示好几个监控视频画面,让用户依次点击开始播放不太方便,需要在video标签中加入autoplay 属性实现自动播放,但是一些浏览器比如chrome禁止音频内容的自动播放,可以在video标签中加入muted属性,如下:
<video id="videoElement" class="centeredVideo" muted autoplay width="1024" height="576">Your browser is too old which doesn't support HTML5 video.</video>
7.3 flvjs播放器要主动销毁
该问题是我在使用Vue进行前端开发时遇到的,在离开某个Vue页面后并没有主动销毁flvjs的播放器,后台仍然在接受数据,导致再次回到该页面时无法重复创建flvjs播放器,加载不出监控画面。解决方法是在离开页面的回调函数中写入销毁的函数
function flv_destroy() {
flvPlayer.pause()
flvPlayer.unload()
flvPlayer.detachMediaElement()
flvPlayer.destroy()
flvPlayer = null
}
7.4 同时在后台启动多个推流
当需要同时在后台启动多个推流命令时,使用screen可能比较麻烦。可以创建一个start_live.sh的脚本,内容如下:
# start_live.sh
nohup ffmpeg -rtsp_transport tcp -i rtsp://a.com/vod/mp4:BigBuckBunny_115k.mov -c copy -f flv rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/myapp/mystream1 &
nohup ffmpeg -rtsp_transport tcp -i rtsp://b.com/vod/mp4:BigBuckBunny_115k.mov -c copy -f flv rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/myapp/mystream2 &
nohup ffmpeg -rtsp_transport tcp -i rtsp://c.com/vod/mp4:BigBuckBunny_115k.mov -c copy -f flv rtmp://127.0.0.1:1935/myapp/mystream3 &
为了防止在nohup.out中写入巨量的日志信息,可以在ffmpeg推流命令中加入-loglevel quiet
参数。