small_Medium synopsis on 60 Linux commands
- I) webpage address/route/path
- II) text content & exception
- Part I ) File and folders/Directories Series
- 2.1) command 1 : ssh : secure shell
- 2.2）ls: List
- 2.3) pwd : print working directory
- 2.4) cd (slash) /specified path : change directory
- 2.5) CD .. : cd dot dot
- 2.6) CD space nothing or CD ~ : get back to home (different users, not work now)
- 2.7) touch fileName.txt : the quickest and easiest way to create a file
- 2.8) echo : self taking or add stuff to new file or existing file
- 2.9) Nano (not work, but vi comamnd works) -- vi fileName: edit file content
- 2.10) Vim fileName.txt : edit a fileName content
- 2.11）cat fileName.txt : see what's inside a file super fast
- 2.12) shred fileName
- 2.13) mkdir
- 2.14)cp fileName path : copy file to a directory/folder
- 2.15) mv fileName directoryRoute ： move file to designated directory path
- 2.16) rm fileName
- 2.17) rmdir folderName; or rm -r notEmptyFolerName (-r: recursive)
- 2.18）ln -s fileName aLinkToThisFile : create a link to a file (-s: swich)(ln:link)
- 2.19) clear : clear the terminal screen
- 2.20) whoami
- 2.21) useradd/adduser nickname, or sudo useradd/adduser nickname
- 2.22) su : switch user
- 2.23) exit : can be used in many places
- 2.24) passwd : su passwd nickname (under home of many users)
- 2.25）sudo apt update : not work (probably ECS use the Yum package, on Arch or anything else (many different Linux Versions) )
- 2.26) man command_name
- 2.27) whatis : not applicable in ECS platform
- 2.28) where , whereis, , , not applicable here probably
- 2.29) wget url of download : download the resource from url
- 2.30）curl urlAddress > customizedFileName : similar to wget command for download resource on Internet
- 2.31) zip newZipName formerFileName
- 2.32) unzip oldZipFile + otherOptiions
- 2.33) less fileName ： read the content of file, one line or several lines at each time by up-or-down arrow, or idler wheer respectively.
- 2.34）head fileName
- 2.35）tail filename
- 2.36）cmp fileOneName fileTwoName
- 2.37）diff command
- 2.28) cat fileName | sort
- 2.29) sudo find / -name "fileName" (blur match)
- 2.30) sudo find . -type f -name ".*" : find hidden file or folders(starts with dot.)
- 2.31) find . -type f -empty ：find the empty folder or files under folder
- 2.32) find . -perm /a=x :
- 2.33) chmod +x 4t1.sh
- Part II ) Network series
- 2.34) chown Dyan fileName : who owns this file
- 2.35) ifconfig : retrieve/get ip address
- 2.36) ip address ： the same ip information, just better
- 2.37) ip address | grep eth0 "or" ip address | grep lo
- 2.38) ip address | grep eth0 | grep inet : grep again
- 2.39) ip address | grep th0 | grep inet | awk '{print $2}' : exactly ip only
- 2.40) cat /etc/resolv.conf
- 2.41) resolvectl status : alternatively to check DNS (not related to Linux version)
- 2.42) ping wwww.baidu.com : to check if we can ping through website or not
- 2.43) ping website -c number websites : how many lines of result we need to ping
- 2.44) ping -c 6 -s 500 www.baidu.com : specify the size of package
- 2.45) traceroute www.baidu.com (unsure, right now it is not working)
- 2.46) netstat : what ports are open in your Linux Machine (Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State )
- 2.47) netstat -tulpn : ports/addresses/pid/switches related auguments/parameters/arguments,,,(Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name )
- 2.48) ss : show (Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process ) : similar with command: netstat
- 2.49) ss -tulpn : similar with commands netstat -tulpin
- 2.50) iptables : work with no effect
- 2.51) sudo ufw allow 80 : not applicable on ECS
- 2.52) uname or uname -a
- 2.53) neofetch : CAN NOT INSTALL
- 2.54) cal
- 2.55) echo "math expression" | calculate
- 2.56) free ： how much memory is available on your system
- 2.57) df or df -H : how much is disk space free?
- 2.58) ps or ps -aux : check the process
- 2.59) top : the processes eating all your stuffs
- 2.60) kill -9 pid or pkill -f file_name (not work, maybe differet process)
- 2.61) systemctl start apache, or system status apache | not work,,,but httpd working
- 2.62) history : check which commands we've ready typed in
- 6.63) sudo reboot, sudo shutdown or sudo shutdown -h now : not root user, but those other users
I) webpage address/route/path
II) text content & exception
Here are the top 60 Linux commands you need to know, and we’re gonna do this in minutes. Our first command can be used anywhere.
Part I ) File and folders/Directories Series
2.1) command 1 : ssh : secure shell
It is SSH because you can’t use Linux unless you can get to it. To connect to your Linux machine, you’ll specify your user it (指定您的用户). Then the ad (@) symbol and then the server you’re gonna connect to.
So I 'll copy the IP address of my linnode that I just set up, paste that in here. (复制刚刚设置的Lin节点的IP地址，然后粘贴)
Hit enter. Accept all fingerprinits. (按Enter，接受所有指纹)
Put your password in
2.2）ls: List
- LS command will list all the files in your current working directory. (LS命令列出当前工作目录中的所有文件)
- We can add the L switch to give us a nice list and we can add the A switch to see the hidden stuff.
添加**ls -L (ie, ll )**选项获得一个漂亮的列表，添加-A(ls -al)选项来查看隐藏的文件，
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -l
total 168
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 19 19:52 Folder_Dec19th2023
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 7 21:54 Folder_Dec21th2023_test1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 30 08:41 Folder_Dec30th2023_a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.4
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Dec 21 14:23 PbootCMS
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 3 15:21 src
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 9 20:21 test_a_Jan9th2023
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1292 Dec 25 17:13 'udo systemctl start mysqld.service'
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll
total 168
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 19 19:52 Folder_Dec19th2023
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 7 21:54 Folder_Dec21th2023_test1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 30 08:41 Folder_Dec30th2023_a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.4
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Dec 21 14:23 PbootCMS
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 3 15:21 src
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 9 20:21 test_a_Jan9th2023
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1292 Dec 25 17:13 'udo systemctl start mysqld.service'
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -al
total 296
dr-xr-x---. 11 root root 4096 Jan 10 20:36 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 18 root root 4096 Dec 19 10:22 ..
-rw------- 1 root root 31545 Jan 10 20:36 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18 May 18 2020 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 May 18 2020 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 May 18 2020 .bashrc
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Oct 11 11:49 .config
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 May 18 2020 .cshrc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 19 19:52 Folder_Dec19th2023
- update: the command ‘ls -l’ equals ll, which is the abbreviation of the former one.
2.3) pwd : print working directory
Elix is a big place. Where are you with the PWD command? (你在哪里使用PWD命令) You can find out print working directory. It’ll tell you where you are.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pwd
/root
2.4) cd (slash) /specified path : change directory
But if you don’t wanna be there, we can change that with the CD command. Just after CD will tell it where you want to go. Who make it (root of file system—A: should be Linus Torvalds)? Guess?
Or we can specify a path.我们可以指定一个路径
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pwd
/root
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cd /
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# pwd
/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# cd home
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# cd ..
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# pwd
/
2.5) CD … : cd dot dot
With cd dot dot, we can *** jump back one directory ***
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# pwd
/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# cd /usr/bin
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z bin]# cd ..
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z usr]# pwd
/usr
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z usr]# cd ..
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# pwd
/
2.6) CD space nothing or CD ~ : get back to home (different users, not work now)
And with CD space nothing, we can click our heels 1 and get back, home
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z src]# cd
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pwd
/root
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cd ..
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# pwd
/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# cd ~
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pwd
/root
+update: ‘cd -’ means pwd will go/jump back to former pwd before we make a change directory
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cd /
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# pwd
/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# cd root/myNewDirectory/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# pwd
/root/myNewDirectory
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# cd -
/
2.7) touch fileName.txt : the quickest and easiest way to create a file
Touch is the quickest and easiest way to create a file, type in “touch with a file name”.in it, and you got yourself a file.
- sample one:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pwd
/root
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# touch JanTwelfth2024_a.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll
total 168
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 19 19:52 Folder_Dec19th2023
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 7 21:54 Folder_Dec21th2023_test1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 30 08:41 Folder_Dec30th2023_a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 12 19:37 JanTwelfth2024_a.txt
You can create more than one file. Every one of those words in that sentence will be its own file
- sample two:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# touch Thanks for sponsoring this video on ECS
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -l
total 168
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 ECS
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 19 19:52 Folder_Dec19th2023
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 7 21:54 Folder_Dec21th2023_test1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 30 08:41 Folder_Dec30th2023_a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 for
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 12 19:37 JanTwelfth2024_a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 on
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Dec 21 14:23 PbootCMS
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 sponsoring
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 3 15:21 src
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 9 20:21 test_a_Jan9th2023
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 Thanks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 this
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1292 Dec 25 17:13 'udo systemctl start mysqld.service'
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 video
Or we can so something weird like this with math formula
- sample three:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# touch Linode{1,10}
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls
ECS Linode1 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.4 Thanks
Folder_Dec19th2023 Linode10 on this
Folder_Dec21th2023_test1 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm PbootCMS 'udo systemctl start mysqld.service'
Folder_Dec30th2023_a mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.1 sponsoring video
for mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.2 src
JanTwelfth2024_a.txt mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.3 test_a_Jan9th2023
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# touch Linode{1~10}
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls
ECS Linode1 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.3 test_a_Jan9th2023
Folder_Dec19th2023 Linode10 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.4 Thanks
Folder_Dec21th2023_test1 Linode{1~10} on this
Folder_Dec30th2023_a mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm PbootCMS 'udo systemctl start mysqld.service'
for mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.1 sponsoring video
JanTwelfth2024_a.txt mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.2 src
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# touch Linode{1..10}
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -l
total 168
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 ECS
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 19 19:52 Folder_Dec19th2023
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 7 21:54 Folder_Dec21th2023_test1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 30 08:41 Folder_Dec30th2023_a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 for
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 12 19:37 JanTwelfth2024_a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode10
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode{1~10}
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode6
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode7
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 17:23 Linode9
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25548 Apr 7 2017 mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm.4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 on
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Dec 21 14:23 PbootCMS
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 sponsoring
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 3 15:21 src
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 9 20:21 test_a_Jan9th2023
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 Thanks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 this
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1292 Dec 25 17:13 'udo systemctl start mysqld.service'
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 13 11:20 video
Or we could even create a file in future by using the dash D switch and specifing the data it’s created a file.
- sample four:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# touch -d tomorrow CreateforUs.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll
total 168
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 14 2024 CreateforUs.txt
And seriously shout out Linode, for sponsoring this video.感谢Linode赞助了这个视频Whenever I need to do anything in Linux, I go to Linode and spread out the quick virtual machine to do stuff like this.使用Linode节点并创建一个快速的虚拟机来执行执行这样的操作. And it only costs me 0.01 cents an hour.每小时0.01美分. When I’m done, I destroy it and that’s all I’m charged. Checked it our. 我删除它，我被收取了所有的费用，check it out看看吧，link below查看下方链接
2.8) echo : self taking or add stuff to new file or existing file
The Echo command allows you to talk to yourself or we can use it to add stuff to a file really quickly. We’ll specify the right arrow and then a name of a file, a new or existing file.
- sample one: add stuff to new file
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# echo Hello me! talk to yourself yet.
Hello me! talk to yourself yet.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# echo "Added some stuff, stuff and stuff" > JanFourteenth2024.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanFourteenth2024.awesome
Added some stuff, stuff and stuff
- sample two: add stuff to existing file
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# touch JanFifteeth2023.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# echo "add some new stuffs as content" > JanFifteeth2023.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanFifteeth2023.txt
add some new stuffs as content
2.9) Nano (not work, but vi comamnd works) – vi fileName: edit file content
But if you want to edit a file like Linux pro (Linux professor), you’ll use Nano and file name, and boom, we’re editing a file. To save your file with Nano, you’ll hit control x, y and enter to save.
- esc+i: edit the chosen file -> esc+shift+: + wq! : write/save and quit
- esc+i: edit the chosen file-> esc+shift+: + wq! : quit
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# vi JanTwelfth2024_a.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanTwelfth2024_a.txt
we are editing this file!!!
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]#
2.10) Vim fileName.txt : edit a fileName content
Now if you’re Linux pro (professor) that thinks you’re better than everybody else, 你自以为比其他人都优秀的Linux Pro (professor专家), you‘ll use vim, vim the file name and now you can try to edit a file. The best way is to hit i (key) to start inserting text and once you’re done, hit esc, colon(冒号) 2 and wq to write and quit.
- demo 1) use ‘vi newFileName.txt’ to create new file.
root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# vi JanFifteeth2023_a.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanF
JanFifteeth2023_a.txt JanFifteeth2023.txt JanFourteenth2024.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanFifteeth2023_a.txt
new stuffs
- demo 2) vim fileName to edit a file content
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# vim JanFifteeth2023.txt
:wq!
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanFifteeth2023.txt
add some new stuffs as content
edit the file again
edit content once again
2.11）cat fileName.txt : see what’s inside a file super fast
Now if you want to see what’s inside a file really quickly, use cat command, cat and then file name, super fast
2.12) shred fileName
And if you don’t want anyone to ever see what’s in that file, you can shred 3 it. (粉碎). Nothing looks like a cat road.(不像一条猫路)
- sample
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34 Jan 14 22:22 JanFourteenth2024.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanFourteenth2024.awesome
Added some stuff, stuff and stuff
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# shred JanFourteenth2024.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanFourteenth2024.awesome
��۾���e��=���}��[��`e��~���?���s�n�ί.ښ =��ؑ��6M��)m��lD"�m
zBH&��'i c�C煮.��E��7��+�u�.D�d��5F �u�~�|��D�Db/�n[���
���z�B�Ca��7V���=d�o��3,T�����A�p�4��-�ڽWx�ϐWz�T2`�q�?���S |�������y��K�;���ˁ}���AZ�
2.13) mkdir
We can make a new directory with the MKDIR command.使用mkdir创建新目录，but right now he’s empty,. It’s lonely, so let’s copy something in there.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# mkdir myNewDirectory
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -l
total 188
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 16 20:44 myNewDirectory
2.14)cp fileName path : copy file to a directory/folder
We can copy a file with CP command, we’ll specify our file and then where we want it to go.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -al
total 316
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 17 08:31 JanSeventeeth2023.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# rename JanSeventeeth2023.awesome JanSeventeenth2023.awesome JanSeventeeth2023.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -al
total 316
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 17 08:31 JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cp JanSeventeenth2023.awesome myNewDirectory/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cd myNewDirectory/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 17 08:39 JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
2.15) mv fileName directoryRoute ： move file to designated directory path
if you don’t wanna copy, you can use mv command to move the file, specify the file you wanna move, and where you wanna put it,
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# mv JanFourteenth2024.awesome myNewDirectory/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls myNewDirectory/
JanFourteenth2024.awesome JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll myNewDirectory/
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 16 20:29 JanFourteenth2024.awesome
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 17 08:39 JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
- PS: mv can be used to rename/cover the former fileName with new file name in the seacond place
format: mv oldFileName newFileName
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z bash]# ll
total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 Dyan root 276 Feb 29 15:56 4t1.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 71 Feb 29 16:18 cdNoUse.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 240 Feb 29 16:48 function.sh
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z bash]# mv function.sh ./root
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z bash]# ll
total 12
-rwxr-xr-x 1 Dyan root 276 Feb 29 15:56 4t1.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 71 Feb 29 16:18 cdNoUse.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 240 Feb 29 16:48 root
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z bash]# cat root
#!/root/bash
check_even () {
local mod=2
echo "The value of mod is $mod"
if [ $(("$1" % $mod)) -eq 0]
then
echo "The number $1 is even!";
else
echo "The number $1 is odd!"
fi
}
number=2344
two=2
check_even $number
echo $mod
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z bash]#
2.16) rm fileName
we can remove or delete a file with rm command
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# rm Linode{1..10}
rm: remove regular empty file 'Linode1'? y
rm: remove regular empty file 'Linode2'? y
rm: remove regular empty file 'Linode3'? y
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# rm html javascript learn Linux mysql on sponsoring src this video
rm: remove regular empty file 'html'? y
rm: remove regular empty file 'javascript'? y
rm: cannot remove 'learn': No such file or directory
rm: remove regular empty file 'Linux'?
rm: remove regular empty file 'mysql'? y
2.17) rmdir folderName; or rm -r notEmptyFolerName (-r: recursive)
And we can remove the directory with rmdir command. But if it is not empty, we can go back to RM command and do a dash R for recursive and try that. Done (做好了)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# rm -r Folder_Dec19th2023/
rm: descend into directory 'Folder_Dec19th2023/'? y
rm: remove regular empty file 'Folder_Dec19th2023/test1.txt'? y
rm: remove directory 'Folder_Dec19th2023/'? y
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll
total 180
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 14 18:00 CreateforUs.txt
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 7 21:54 Folder_Dec21th2023_test1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 30 08:41 Folder_Dec30th2023_a
2.18）ln -s fileName aLinkToThisFile : create a link to a file (-s: swich)(ln:link)
We can create a link to a file with the ln command, using the S switch for soft,(用LN命令创建一个指向文件的链接，使用S开关进行软链接，)， we’ll specify the file and then the link. Now w’ll specify the file and then the link.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ln -r JanSeventeenth2023.awesome aLinktoThisFile
ln: cannot do --relative without --symbolic
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ln -s JanSeventeenth2023.awesome aLinktoThisFile
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -l
total 180
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26 Jan 17 15:44 aLinktoThisFile -> JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
2.19) clear : clear the terminal screen
Now if your terminal’s a bit dirty, you can clean it off, type in clear. So much better
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# clear
2.20) whoami
you don’t know who you are, you can type in ‘whoami’ and it’ll tell you. Existential crisis over.(输入后，就解决‘’存在危机‘’)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# whoami
root
2.21) useradd/adduser nickname, or sudo useradd/adduser nickname
if you don’t like who you are, you can change that. Let’s first create a new person. We’ll use the ad user command and then the username, oh, too bad, we don’t have permission.
But we have pseudo or sudo specify pseudo before your command; enter your pseudo password and you’re good to go
- sample one
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# useradd Dyan
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo useradd Dyan
useradd: user 'Dyan' already exists
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo useradd Dian
We can also reverse the command by doing adduser instead of useradd, and we will be able to set some parameters like password and stuffs (no found this features on ECS server)
- demo two
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo useradd Dian
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo adduser Chenyen
2.22) su : switch user
Now if wanna become Nick or Austin, I can do that with su (switch user) command, switch user
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# su Dyan
[Dyan@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]$ exit
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# su Dian
[Dian@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]$ su dikens/
[Dian@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]$ exit
exit
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# useradd Dave
2.23) exit : can be used in many places
SU specify user name and I am Austin, and I don’t wanna be Austin anymore, I can use the exit command, type in exit, back to you and me (home?!), By the way the exit comand can be used to exit at a lot of places,
[Dave@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]$ exit
exit
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# ll
total 28
drwx------ 2 Chenyen Chenyen 4096 Jan 17 17:13 Chenyen
drwx------ 2 Dadian Dadian 4096 Jan 17 17:06 Dadian
drwx------ 2 Dave Dave 4096 Jan 17 17:22 Dave
drwx------ 2 Dian Dian 4096 Jan 17 17:01 Dian
drwx------ 2 dikens dikens 4096 Jan 17 16:39 dikens
drwx------ 2 Dikes Dikes 4096 Jan 17 17:03 Dikes
drwx------ 2 Dyan Dyan 4096 Jan 17 16:45 Dyan
2.24) passwd : su passwd nickname (under home of many users)
Now Nick(Chenyen) didn’t have a password but I can cange that with the password command, p a s s w d, and then the username.
- demo : su passwd nickname
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# sudo passwd Chenyen
Changing password for user Chenyen.
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: The password is a palindrome
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# su Chenyen
If you wanna change your password, just type in password or password. Type into terminal, pseudo password, milli password, but it’s so it’s just password,
- more than one directory paths to change password of root user.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# passwd
Changing password for user root.
New password:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z /]# cd home
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# passwd
Changing password for user root.
New password:
2.25）sudo apt update : not work (probably ECS use the Yum package, on Arch or anything else (many different Linux Versions) )
Now the next command is kinda weird, and you have to install. It’s called finger. It’s really strange, trust me. But to install that we will needto learn a new command on Debbie and Base machines. We will use apt, but hold on, before we could install anything, we have to update our repositories, so we 'll do sudo apt update. Whilist doing, that’ll take a coffee break
If you’re on Red Hat or Sent to West, You’ll use the Yum package manager and if your’re on Arch or anything else, you’re on your own. After an update, We’ll do a pseudo apt install and the name of our package which will be finge.
Done and now we can use that command, Finger can be used to inspect another user. So I might want to inspect Austin. It’s pretty handy. (谐音、同音词：haha cuz finger on handy)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo apt install finger
sudo: apt: command not found
2.26) man command_name
The man command will help you with the things you don’t know, which is a lot, at least for me. You find out what finger command does by doing man finge
- man finger: finger not applicable in this Linux system
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# man finger
No manual entry for finger
That sounds werid. It will tell us all about it and how to use it. Hit Q to get outta there.
We can man cat. We can man man， so in doubt consult your manual,
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# man l
-f, --force
Manual page ln(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# man cat
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# man man
2.27) whatis : not applicable in ECS platform
Now a faster man is whatis, type in Finger. I’ll tell you real quick
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# whatis finger
finger: nothing appropriate.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# whatis ls
ls: nothing appropriate.
2.28) where , whereis, , , not applicable here probably
or maybe yu wanna know where finger is. You can type in which finger,
2.29) wget url of download : download the resource from url
wget can help you get stuff from Internet, like maybe you wanna download the entire bible in text form. We can do that right now. And there is, the entire Bible.
- sample index
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# wget https://www.baidu.com/
--2024-01-19 10:30:06-- https://www.baidu.com/
Resolving www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)... 183.2.172.42, 183.2.172.185, 240e:ff:e020:966:0:ff:b042:f296, ...
Connecting to www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)|183.2.172.42|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2443 (2.4K) [text/html]
Saving to: ‘index.html’
index.html 100%[====================================================================>] 2.39K --.-KB/s in 0s
2024-01-19 10:30:06 (28.8 MB/s) - ‘index.html’ saved [2443/2443]
- sample txt download
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# wget http://m.luoqiuzww.cc/novel/39142/download
--2024-01-19 10:45:37-- http://m.luoqiuzww.cc/novel/39142/download
Resolving m.luoqiuzww.cc (m.luoqiuzww.cc)... 23.225.30.59
Connecting to m.luoqiuzww.cc (m.luoqiuzww.cc)|23.225.30.59|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found
Location: /upload/42/%E9%9D%92%E8%91%AB%E5%89%91%E4%BB%99.txt [following]
--2024-01-19 10:45:37-- http://m.luoqiuzww.cc/upload/42/%E9%9D%92%E8%91%AB%E5%89%91%E4%BB%99.txt
Reusing existing connection to m.luoqiuzww.cc:80.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 511576 (500K) [text/plain]
Saving to: ‘download.1’
download.1 100%[====================================================================>] 499.59K 361KB/s in 1.4s
2024-01-19 10:45:39 (361 KB/s) - ‘download.1’ saved [511576/511576]
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat download.1
五月份加更提示以及作者的一些话
开书到现在，没有写过类似的东西，可能我不太会和读者交流吧，不过心里其实还是有些话想对你们说的。（假装有人在听的认真样子！）
2.30）curl urlAddress > customizedFileName : similar to wget command for download resource on Internet
Another way to download is with curl, my personal favor, type in curl and url you wanna download from and then using the right arrow to direct that to something else like a file, done
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat Fantasy.Novel
Redirecting to <a href="/upload/54/%E5%AE%8C%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C.txt">/upload/54/%E5%AE%8C%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C.txt</a>.[root@iZ2vc5l
2.31) zip newZipName formerFileName
Now the bible is kinda big, what do yu say? we make that file smaller.We can zip it up. Zip the zip file you wanna create, and what you wanna zip inside.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat Fantasy.Novel
Redirecting to <a href="/upload/54/%E5%AE%8C%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C.txt">/upload/54/%E5%AE%8C%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C.txt</a>.[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# zip Fantasy.zip Fantasy.Novel
adding: Fantasy.Novel (deflated 38%)
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 74132360 Jan 5 15:34 QQMusic_YQQWinPCDL.exe
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 73270927 Jan 19 11:40 QQ_Music.zip
2.32) unzip oldZipFile + otherOptiions
Now often you might want to unzip something with the unzip command,specify the file name and some other options and you’re good to go.
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 169 Jan 19 11:34 ShuLone.MartialSoul
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 169 Jan 19 11:34 ShuLone.unzip
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 284 Jan 19 11:34 ShuLone.zip
2.33) less fileName ： read the content of file, one line or several lines at each time by up-or-down arrow, or idler wheer respectively.
Now if you wanna read our file, we could cat it, but that’s crazy. Come on, a better way is to use the less command, giving you one page at a time, just the way I like.
- sample: read the content of file, one line or several lines at each time by up-or-down arrow, or idler wheer respectively.
less download.1
第1769章 皇城风景！
“伯母，你第一次来帝月皇城，今夜带你出去吃饭可好？”
2.34）head fileName
if you wanna see the begining of your file, type in head
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# head download.2
第1769章 皇城风景！
“伯母，你第一次来帝月皇城，今夜带你出去吃饭可好？”
凌云霆笑容和煦，目光悄然看向了一旁的慕芷晴，算是回应了她当初的问题。
慕芷晴顿时就明白了过来，原来尊上今天这么早就从帝云宫来了，为的就是带娘出去吃饭啊！
“皇城的夜景不错，如果伯母感兴趣，用过晚膳之后便在城中四处转转，看看风景，如何？”
慕锦岚的眼中漫上了兴趣之色，早在来帝月皇城之前，她就已经听说过这里的风景有多美，街道上有多热闹。
当初便想着自己来了之后也得好好看一看这风景，见识一番。
只是没想到云霆想的这么周到，今天竟然亲自陪她去。
看着小两口的眼神交汇，她笑而不语。
看来不论是芷晴还是云霆，之前说的都是真的，二人的感情很好，就冲着这和谐的模样，也知道芷晴在云霆的身边从来就没有受过委屈。
2.35）tail filename
What about the end? Type in tail and fileName
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# tail download.2
“我竟不知夫人为我做了这么多，我很感动。”
温醇暧昧的嗓音在她的头顶响起，温热而清爽的男子气息将她笼罩，而那话语的深意却让她如遭雷击！
“夫……夫人？”
“夫人已为我断了所有后路，我向来负责任，定不会让你失望。”凌云霆神色坦然，“就看夫人何时为我正名，好满足你亲朋好友的好奇心了。”
慕芷晴：“……”这是在向她讨要名分吗？
不该是这么发展的啊！
小妖精瞧着自家主人那懊恼的表情就明白她这是搬起石头砸自己的脚了，之前在门派的时候，但凡有男子示好，小晴晴就借有未婚夫的名头来婉拒。
只是没想到一语成谶，真的出现了个未婚夫。
刚才分明就是顺口说习惯了，完全忘了凌公子也在这里了，不过它觉得……这样也挺好的！
轩辕瑶一回过头来便瞧见凌云霆与慕芷晴窃窃私语的模样，眼中的嫉恨之色也愈发浓郁。
2.36）cmp fileOneName fileTwoName
If you wanna compare two files to see if there are the same. Like this guy and this guy, use the cpm command for compare, specifiy your two files
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# cp JanTwelfth2024.txt JanTwelfth2024Copy.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# vi JanTwelfth2024Copy.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# cmp JanTwelfth2024.txt JanTwelfth2024Copy.txt
cmp: EOF on JanTwelfth2024.txt after byte 28, line 1
2.37）diff command
and he, we do have difference, but it didn’t tell what; it only tell us where. For that we can use the diff command, specify files, and it will tell us exactly what;s difference.You decide what’s true.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll myNewDirectory/
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 53 Jan 22 12:10 JanTwelfth2024Copy.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28 Jan 22 12:05 JanTwelfth2024.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cd myNewDirectory/
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# diff JanTwelfth2024.txt JanTwelfth2024Copy.txt
1a2
> Repeating for polishing.
2.28) cat fileName | sort
The sort command will sort your staff alphabetically. For example, I can cat bible.txt, do a pipe(管道符) and type in sort at the end. The entire bible in alphabetical order. Ending with Zephaniah.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# cat JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
b
c
f
ef
eter
k
2
7
7
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z myNewDirectory]# cat JanSeventeenth2023.awesome | sort
2
7
7
b
c
ef
eter
f
k
2.29) sudo find / -name “fileName” (blur match)
The find command is nuts and will help you well find things; type in find, specify what directory you wanna look in. I am gonna look in all of them and then specify the name of the file with a regular express(快速模糊查找方法), Bang, files’ found
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll myNewDirectory/
total 24
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 16 20:29 JanFourteenth2024.awesome
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23 Jan 23 19:40 JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 53 Jan 22 12:10 JanTwelfth2024Copy.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28 Jan 22 12:05 JanTwelfth2024.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7105 Jan 23 19:51 loren.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo find / -name "JanT*"
/root/myNewDirectory/JanTwelfth2024Copy.txt
/root/myNewDirectory/JanTwelfth2024.txt
/root/JanTwelfth2024_a.txt
/root/JanTwentySecond_a.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pseudo find / -name "JanF"
-bash: pseudo: command not found
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pseudo find / -name "JanF*"
-bash: pseudo: command not found
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo find / -name "JanF*"
find: ‘/proc/54745’: No such file or directory
/root/myNewDirectory/JanFourteenth2024.awesome
/root/JanFifteeth2023.txt
/root/JanFifteeth2023_a.txt
2.30) sudo find . -type f -name “.*” : find hidden file or folders(starts with dot.)
find all hidden files
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo find . -type f -name ".*"
./.bash_logout
./.bashrc
./.lesshst
./.tcshrc
./.mysql_history
./.pydistutils.cfg
./.bash_profile
./.wget-hsts
./PbootCMS/template/default/fileinput/.gitignore
./PbootCMS/.gitattributes
./PbootCMS/.gitignore
./PbootCMS/rewrite/.htaccess
./.cshrc
./.viminfo
./.bash_history
2.31) find . -type f -empty ：find the empty folder or files under folder
Find empty files or folder under the specified folder
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# find . -type f -empty
./NovelTxt.Test
./.ssh/authorized_keys
./CreateforUs.txt
./QQ.Music
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1/READ.MD
./MingDynasty.VeggetableRootsPonds
./video
./Thanks
./JanTwentySecond_a.txt
./test_a_Jan9th2023/file_a_Jan9th2023.txt
./src/java/main.java
./JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat CreateforUs.txtreat
cat: CreateforUs.txtreat: No such file or directory
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat CreateforUs.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat JanSeventeenth2023.awesome
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat /test_a_Jan9th2023/file_a_Jan9th2023.txt
cat: /test_a_Jan9th2023/file_a_Jan9th2023.txt: No such file or directory
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat test_a_Jan9th2023/file_a_Jan9th2023.txt
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat MingDynasty.VeggetableRootsPonds
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]#
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]#
2.32) find . -perm /a=x :
or all excutable files 4
explaination: 在linux中，执行文件是指的是该文件可以被运行，文件有“x”权限；执行文件可以是一个代码文件（脚本文件），也可以是一个二进制文件。一个文件运行有两种方式：1、用解释器直接去运行文件；2、利用“./”运行文件，语法“./ 文件名”。
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# find . -perm /a=x
.
./aLinktoThisFile
./myNewDirectory
./.pip
./.config
./.config/procps
./.ssh
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1/Folder_6thJan2024
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1/Folder_6thJan2024/Folder_Dec27th2023
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1/Folder_6thJan2024/Folder_Dec27th2023/BackEnd
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1/Folder_6thJan2024/Folder_Dec27th2023/BackEnd/Java
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1/Folder_6thJan2024/Folder_Dec27th2023/BackEnd/PHP
./Folder_Dec21th2023_test1/Folder_6thJan2024/Folder_Dec27th2023/FrontEnd
./Folder_Dec30th2023_a
./PbootCMS
2.33) chmod +x 4t1.sh
Speaking of executable, how do yu make a file executable? We will change the attributes with chmod comand and do a plus x 5 and then the file name and now it executes. （x attributes means the file will be executable）
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# chmod +x 4t1.sh
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ls -l
total 345788
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 242 Jan 24 10:00 4t1.sh
- PS: vim new.sh, the file is not executable only after using command “chmod +x xx.sh” to turn new file green
Part II ) Network series
2.34) chown Dyan fileName : who owns this file
We can change the ownership of that file with chown command or change ownership, specif the user and the file, congras Austin, you own the
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# chown Dyan 4t1.sh
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ll
total 345788
-rwxr-xr-x 1 Dyan root 242 Jan 24 10:00 4t1.sh
2.35) ifconfig : retrieve/get ip address
Time for some network stuff, coffee break. What’s your IP address? ifconfig. I have ifconfig, If you don’t have it, install it. Let’s try it again; ifconfig, there it is ( inet 172.23.95.44)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.23.95.44 netmask 255.255.240.0 broadcast 172.23.95.255
inet6 fe80::216:3eff:fe03:e1cc prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:16:3e:03:e1:cc txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1251161 bytes 711277436 (678.3 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 846487 bytes 131673419 (125.5 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 100 bytes 5632 (5.5 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 100 bytes 5632 (5.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
2.36) ip address ： the same ip information, just better
You can also try ip address, which makes more sense; same information, just better. (inet 172.23.95.44)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:16:3e:03:e1:cc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
altname enp0s5
altname ens5
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
valid_lft 314159226sec preferred_lft 314159226sec
inet6 fe80::216:3eff:fe03:e1cc/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2.37) ip address | grep eth0 “or” ip address | grep lo
Now what if you only wanna see it for one interface? For that we can use grep, grep is crazy, I love grep, same command ip address. For this time, I will use a pipe, type in grep, say ether?? nets zero, to only see, Ethen at zero’s IP address, Bang
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:16:3e:03:e1:cc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
altname enp0s5
altname ens5
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
valid_lft 314155861sec preferred_lft 314155861sec
inet6 fe80::216:3eff:fe03:e1cc/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep lo
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
2.38) ip address | grep eth0 | grep inet : grep again
We could grep again, do another pipe grep for inet, it only shows you that line
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep eth0 | grep inet
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep lo | grep inet
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
2.39) ip address | grep th0 | grep inet | awk ‘{print $2}’ : exactly ip only
What if we can only wanna see the IP address? For that, we can use awk, awk is even crazier than grep. Just After our greps, I’ll awk this in a crazier regular expression and get exactly what I want
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep th0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep th0 | grep inet
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep th0 | grep inet | awk "{print $2}"
inet 172.23.95.44/20 brd 172.23.95.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute eth0
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ip address | grep th0 | grep inet | awk '{print $2}'
172.23.95.44/20
2.40) cat /etc/resolv.conf
Now what about DNS? What is our DNS, Sir? One way is we cat, cat slash etc slash resolve with no e, then dot conf.
But if you’re on newer version of things like Ubuntu (as below), you might see something like this, not very informative (Ubuntu doesn’t contain much information)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 100.100.2.136
nameserver 100.100.2.138
2.41) resolvectl status : alternatively to check DNS (not related to Linux version)
Instead we can type in resolve with an e， ctl 6 , status, and there it is (that commands work).
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# resolvectl status
Global
LLMNR setting: yes
MulticastDNS setting: yes
DNSOverTLS setting: no
DNSSEC setting: allow-downgrade
DNSSEC supported: yes
Current DNS Server: 100.100.2.136
DNS Servers: 100.100.2.136
100.100.2.138
DNSSEC NTA: 10.in-addr.arpa
16.172.in-addr.arpa
168.192.in-addr.arpa
17.172.in-addr.arpa
18.172.in-addr.arpa
19.172.in-addr.arpa
20.172.in-addr.arpa
21.172.in-addr.arpa
22.172.in-addr.arpa
23.172.in-addr.arpa
24.172.in-addr.arpa
25.172.in-addr.arpa
26.172.in-addr.arpa
27.172.in-addr.arpa
28.172.in-addr.arpa
29.172.in-addr.arpa
30.172.in-addr.arpa
2.42) ping wwww.baidu.com : to check if we can ping through website or not
Now is your website up? We can find out with ping, we can find out anything with ping, ping and then then name of the website. Get responses forever. Hit control c to stop,
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ping wwww.baidu.com
PING ps_other.a.shifen.com (220.181.38.148) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=1 ttl=49 time=33.1 ms
64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=2 ttl=49 time=33.1 ms
64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=3 ttl=49 time=33.1 ms
64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=4 ttl=49 time=33.1 ms
64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=5 ttl=49 time=33.1 ms
^C
--- ps_other.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
2.43) ping website -c number websites : how many lines of result we need to ping
We can limit that with dash c specifing the count of things you wanna send, just five
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ping -c 6 www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (183.2.172.185) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 183.2.172.185 (183.2.172.185): icmp_seq=1 ttl=48 time=29.7 ms
64 bytes from 183.2.172.185 (183.2.172.185): icmp_seq=2 ttl=48 time=29.7 ms
64 bytes from 183.2.172.185 (183.2.172.185): icmp_seq=3 ttl=48 time=29.7 ms
64 bytes from 183.2.172.185 (183.2.172.185): icmp_seq=4 ttl=48 time=29.7 ms
64 bytes from 183.2.172.185 (183.2.172.185): icmp_seq=5 ttl=48 time=29.7 ms
64 bytes from 183.2.172.185 (183.2.172.185): icmp_seq=6 ttl=48 time=29.7 ms
--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5008ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 29.679/29.703/29.727/0.173 ms
2.44) ping -c 6 -s 500 www.baidu.com : specify the size of package
We can specify the size of the packages,
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ping -c 6 -s 500 www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (183.2.172.42) 500(528) bytes of data.
508 bytes from 183.2.172.42 (183.2.172.42): icmp_seq=1 ttl=48 time=28.9 ms
508 bytes from 183.2.172.42 (183.2.172.42): icmp_seq=2 ttl=48 time=28.8 ms
508 bytes from 183.2.172.42 (183.2.172.42): icmp_seq=3 ttl=48 time=28.9 ms
508 bytes from 183.2.172.42 (183.2.172.42): icmp_seq=4 ttl=48 time=28.8 ms
508 bytes from 183.2.172.42 (183.2.172.42): icmp_seq=5 ttl=48 time=28.8 ms
508 bytes from 183.2.172.42 (183.2.172.42): icmp_seq=6 ttl=48 time=28.9 ms
--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5008ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 28.823/28.847/28.891/0.197 ms
2.45) traceroute www.baidu.com (unsure, right now it is not working)
If you wanna see the path through the Internet you’re taking to get to the website, you can use trace route command, which is so cool; trace route and the name of the site, telling you every haw and that latency.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# traceroute www.baidu.com
-bash: traceroute: command not found
2.46) netstat : what ports are open in your Linux Machine (Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State )
Now what ports are open in you Linux machine? We can check it out with netstat, net statistics, this gives you a lot
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# netstat
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 36 iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j:ssh 47.96.60.217:34984 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti:45102 100.100.0.42:http TIME_WAIT
tcp 0 0 iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti:51602 100.100.30.27:http ESTABLISHED
udp 0 0 iZ2vc5lqzt23awet:bootpc _gateway:bootps ESTABLISHED
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1413429 /run/user/0/systemd/notify
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 237 /run/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 238 /run/systemd/cgroups-agent
unix 15 [ ] DGRAM 249 /run/systemd/journal/dev-log
unix 7 [ ] DGRAM 253 /run/systemd/journal/socket
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 18665 /var/run/nscd/socket
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 19874 /run/chrony/chronyd.sock
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 20791
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 24491
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18594 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 869612 /usr/local/aegis/Aegis-<Guid(5A2C30A2-A87D-490A-9281-6765EDAD7CBA)>
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18671
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22879
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1414257
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21524 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19778 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18431 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 25369 /run/rpcbind.sock
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1414260 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1355282
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 27004
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 27005
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 23823 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21198
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19852
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 25125
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 18240
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 239
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 1413430
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 22899
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19175
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18432 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18428
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22660 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21011 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 22840
unix 2 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1414412
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18606 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 19236
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 17672
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18990 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 26046
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1414438
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 869274
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 24731
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1413433
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19742
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 20987 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18926
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 27002
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1414437
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21793
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 23114
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 17679
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21428
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 27003
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 20986
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 20781
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1414276 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18429
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21519
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18154
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1414435
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22880 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19176 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 27146 /usr/local/aegis/Aegis-<Guid(5A2C30A2-A87D-490A-9281-6765EDAD7CBA)>
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21195
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22836
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 25107
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21429 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1414271
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19854 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22385
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22826
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 19595
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 16014
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21795
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21196 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19775
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 23646
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 36428
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 25236
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22827 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 21202
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18694
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1414274
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 1413431
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19774
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21013 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 21199 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1355266 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 15092
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 19779
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18237 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 24492
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22386
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 19526
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 17690
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 17689
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 240
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 19241
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 24732 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 20776 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 1354462
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19776 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
Active Bluetooth connections (w/o servers)
Proto Destination Source State PSM DCID SCID IMTU OMTU Security
Proto Destination Source State Channel
2.47) netstat -tulpn : ports/addresses/pid/switches related auguments/parameters/arguments,(Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name )
Do not you wanna try netstat dash tulpn, all those switches, which is much better,
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# netstat -tulpn
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1187/sshd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:37271 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1240/rpc.statd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:2049 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5355 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 592/systemd-resolve
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:34383 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:20048 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1241/rpc.mountd
tcp6 0 0 :::48661 :::* LISTEN 1240/rpc.statd
tcp6 0 0 :::443 :::* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp6 0 0 :::45697 :::* LISTEN -
tcp6 0 0 :::2049 :::* LISTEN -
tcp6 0 0 :::5355 :::* LISTEN 592/systemd-resolve
tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp6 0 0 :::20048 :::* LISTEN 1241/rpc.mountd
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 1/systemd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:57373 0.0.0.0:* -
udp 0 0 127.0.0.53:53 0.0.0.0:* 592/systemd-resolve
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* 1/systemd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5355 0.0.0.0:* 592/systemd-resolve
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* 662/chronyd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:20048 0.0.0.0:* 1241/rpc.mountd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:37521 0.0.0.0:* 1240/rpc.statd
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:1001 0.0.0.0:* 1240/rpc.statd
udp6 0 0 :::44135 :::* -
udp6 0 0 :::111 :::* 1/systemd
udp6 0 0 :::5355 :::* 592/systemd-resolve
udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* 662/chronyd
udp6 0 0 :::57906 :::* 1240/rpc.statd
udp6 0 0 :::20048 :::* 1241/rpc.mountd
2.48) ss : show (Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process ) : similar with command: netstat
A more modern version is the ss comand, which is basically the same thing
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ss
Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 20791 * 21524
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 24491 * 24492
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 18594 * 17672
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /usr/local/aegis/Aegis-<Guid(5A2C30A2-A87D-490A-9281-6765EDAD7CBA)> 869612 * 869274
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 18671 * 18237
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 22879 * 22880
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 21524 * 20791
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 19778 * 19742
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 18431 * 18428
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/rpcbind.sock 25369 * 23114
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 27004 * 27005
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 27005 * 27004
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 23823 * 22836
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 21198 * 21199
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 19852 * 19854
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 1445126 * 0
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 19175 * 19176
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 18432 * 18429
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 18428 * 18431
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 22660 * 23646
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 21011 * 21793
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 18606 * 18154
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 1445146 * 1445147
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 17672 * 18594
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 18990 * 18926
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 26046 * 27146
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 869274 * 869612
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 24731 * 24732
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 19742 * 19778
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 20987 * 20986
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 18926 * 18990
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 27002 * 27003
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 21793 * 21011
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 23114 * 25369
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 21428 * 21429
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 27003 * 27002
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 20986 * 20987
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 18429 * 18432
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 21519 * 20776
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 18154 * 18606
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 1444448 * 1444954
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 22880 * 22879
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 19176 * 19175
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /usr/local/aegis/Aegis-<Guid(5A2C30A2-A87D-490A-9281-6765EDAD7CBA)> 27146 * 26046
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 21195 * 21196
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 1444425 * 1444422
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 22836 * 23823
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 21429 * 21428
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 19854 * 19852
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 22385 * 22386
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 22826 * 22827
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 21795 * 21013
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 21196 * 21195
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 19775 * 19774
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 23646 * 22660
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 22827 * 22826
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 18694 * 19776
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 1445147 * 1445146
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 19774 * 19775
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 21013 * 21795
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 21199 * 21198
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 1355266 * 1354462
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 18237 * 18671
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 24492 * 24491
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 22386 * 22385
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 1444954 * 1444448
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 24732 * 24731
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/systemd/journal/stdout 20776 * 21519
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 1444422 * 1444425
u_str ESTAB 0 0 * 1354462 * 1355266
u_str ESTAB 0 0 /run/dbus/system_bus_socket 19776 * 18694
udp ESTAB 0 0 172.23.95.44%eth0:bootpc 172.23.95.253:bootps
tcp ESTAB 0 36 172.23.95.44:ssh 47.96.60.215:zmp
tcp ESTAB 0 0 172.23.95.44:51602 100.100.30.27:http
2.49) ss -tulpn : similar with commands netstat -tulpin
Use a topen switches(), and it’s nice and pretty
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ss -tulpn
Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
udp UNCONN 0 0 0.0.0.0:57373 0.0.0.0:*
udp UNCONN 0 0 127.0.0.53%lo:53 0.0.0.0:* users:(("systemd-resolve",pid=592,fd=16))
udp UNCONN 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
2.50) iptables : work with no effect
Now what about your firewall? Are things getting through or do you wanna block’em? if you wanna to allow pour 80, you could run something like this, which is honestly kind of complex
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
2.51) sudo ufw allow 80 : not applicable on ECS
That’s why UFW is way easier, this sits on top of ip tables and makes it so much easier. If I want to allow pour 80, ufw allow 80 as sudo
See what you’re allowing with ufw status, which right now it’s not even enabled, so we can enable it with ufw enable, then check our status one more, beautiful
2.52) uname or uname -a
Now if you wanna know a bit more about your system, you can use the uname command, uname, it just tells you a little bit. If you type in dash a, it will tell you a lot
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# uname
Linux
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# uname -a
Linux iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z 5.10.134-16.1.al8.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Dec 7 14:11:24 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2.53) neofetch : CAN NOT INSTALL
Now if you wanna a prettier version of all this, try neofetch, go install that real quick, apt install neofetch, then simply run neofetch, how pretty is that!
2.54) cal
The cal command will give you a quick little calendar here. I don’t know why you want it, but it is kinda cool. If yoou don’t have it, you can install it with sudo install apt n cal
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# cal
January 2024
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 *30* 31
2.55) echo “math expression” | calculate
If you wanna do some math right here in your terminal (终端进行一些数学运算)，you can echo a problem out to bc 7, and bc will tell you what the answer is.
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# echo "9-13"| bc
-4
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# echo "9*13" | bc
117
2.56) free ： how much memory is available on your system
If you wanna check your memory and see how much memory you have available on your system, just type in free and what’s going on with your swap (交换空间)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1934308 259240 560256 6532 1114812 1493608
Swap: 0 0 0
2.57) df or df -H : how much is disk space free?
How much disk space do you have? you can use the df command and more specifically df -H comand, you gonna use that all the time
fs (filesystem, to wit, disk name on Windows)
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 948968 0 948968 0% /dev
tmpfs 967152 0 967152 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 967152 452 966700 1% /run
tmpfs 967152 0 967152 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 41103804 5636248 33563848 15% /
tmpfs 967152 0 967152 0% /tmp
tmpfs 193428 0 193428 0% /run/user/0
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# df -H
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 972M 0 972M 0% /dev
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 991M 463k 990M 1% /run
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1 43G 5.8G 35G 15% /
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /tmp
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
2.58) ps or ps -aux : check the process
What about the stuff running n your ystem? the process. We can use the ps comamand, which won’t tell you much unless you use ps dash aux switch, then we’ll get all the goodies
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
79922 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
79977 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps -aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.4 103480 9436 ? Ss Jan12 1:27 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 18
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jan12 0:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jan12 0:00 [rcu_gp]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jan12 0:00 [rcu_par_gp]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jan12 0:00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri]
2.59) top : the processes eating all your stuffs
If you wanna see the processes eating all your stuffs, type in top; If you wanna see in a prettier way, type in htop (not worl now), that is sleek
top - 20:25:24 up 18 days, 52 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Tasks: 131 total, 1 running, 130 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.5 us, 0.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.2 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
MiB Mem : 1889.0 total, 544.8 free, 254.4 used, 1089.8 buff/cache
MiB Swap: 0.0 total, 0.0 free, 0.0 used. 1457.1 avail Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
1473 root 10 -10 211144 44320 17152 S 0.7 2.3 135:23.79 AliYunDunMonito
762 root 20 0 474984 25112 11524 S 0.3 1.3 44:14.58 tuned
1462 root 10 -10 113516 20964 11868 S 0.3 1.1 89:09.95 AliYunDun
49806 root 10 -10 43320 7468 5704 S 0.3 0.4 6:05.64 AliYunDunUpdate
80276 root 20 0 227200 4744 4096 R 0.3 0.2 0:00.07 top
1 root 20 0 103480 9436 6596 S 0.0 0.5 1:28.03 systemd
NOT WORK: HTOP
2.60) kill -9 pid or pkill -f file_name (not work, maybe differet process)
If you have a process that you want to kill, stop it. We can do that with kill command; first we have to find the prcess id. I’ll do that with ps. I’ll grep for that script I wanna kill, there it is
There is the process id and I’ll kill the process with dash nine signal, forcibly killing it. And the process id ***, goodbye, buddy, it’s gone
Now even better than kill is pkill, because you don’t need to know the process id, type in kill, use the f switch and specify the name, you kind of get it is, and it did
unsolved:
(ps -aux | grep file_name)
(pkill -f file_name）
- Samples on kill command
terminal one:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ping www.baidu.com
terminal two:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ping www.tencent.com
terminal thee:
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps -ef | grep ping
root 4245 4055 0 14:07 pts/0 00:00:00 ping www.baidu.com
root 4395 4368 0 14:08 pts/2 00:00:00 grep --color=auto ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps -ef | grep ping
root 4245 4055 0 14:07 pts/0 00:00:00 ping www.baidu.com
root 4536 4509 0 14:09 pts/3 00:00:00 ping www.tencent.com
root 4595 4368 0 14:09 pts/2 00:00:00 grep --color=auto ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# kill -9 4245
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps -ef | grep ping
root 4536 4509 0 14:09 pts/3 00:00:00 ping www.tencent.com
root 4715 4368 0 14:11 pts/2 00:00:00 grep --color=auto ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps -ef | grep ping
root 4536 4509 0 14:09 pts/3 00:00:00 ping www.tencent.com
root 4717 4055 0 14:14 pts/0 00:00:00 ping www.baidu.com
root 4779 4368 0 14:14 pts/2 00:00:00 grep --color=auto ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# killall ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps -aux | grep ping
root 4964 0.0 0.1 227616 2268 pts/0 S+ 14:21 0:00 ping www.baidu.com
root 5025 0.0 0.0 221528 868 pts/2 S+ 14:21 0:00 grep --color=auto ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# pkill -f ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# ps -aux | grep ping
root 5152 0.0 0.0 221528 868 pts/2 S+ 14:33 0:00 grep --color=auto ping
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]#
PS: global regular expression print
Grep, short for “global regular expression print”
2.61) systemctl start apache, or system status apache | not work,but httpd working
To stop, start and restart the services or Damon and Linux, you can use the systemctl command, at your systems using system D, if not, it will be using service, so to stop a service system ctl, we do apache two, replace with start, we’ll restart the service, type in status to see what’s going on, or do a restart,
Example for systemctl command:
systemctl start httpd
systemctl start httpd
systemctl enable httpd
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# systemctl stop httpd
Warning: Stopping httpd.service, but it can still be activated by:
httpd.socket
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d
└─php-fpm.conf
Active: inactive (dead) since Wed 2024-01-31 09:25:02 CST; 32s ago
2.62) history : check which commands we’ve ready typed in
Now we’ve gone through a lot of commands. If want a history of what we did, type in history, and that’s a lot of stuff
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# history
7 ls -al
8 ls
9 ll
10 cd Folder_Dec19th2023/
11 ll
6.63) sudo reboot, sudo shutdown or sudo shutdown -h now : not root user, but those other users
And finally, if you wanna reboot, sudo reboot. If you wanna shudown, sudo shutdown, this will shutdown machine in about one minutes. If yu wanna do it now, do a dash h now, which I’ll do
- root shutdown
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo reboot
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z ~]# sudo shutdown -h
Shutdown scheduled for Wed 2024-01-31 10:13:43 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
- switch user shutdown
[root@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]# su Dave
[Dave@iZ2vc5lqzt23aweti4j777Z home]$ sudo reboot
We trust you have received the usual lecture from the local System
Administrator. It usually boils down to these three things:
#1) Respect the privacy of others.
#2) Think before you type.
#3) With great power comes great responsibility.
[sudo] password for Dave:
Dave is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported. (TDL: figure out in future if possible, commands as systemctl, sudo shutdown (needs sudo fils), htop, kill, pkill, system status apache,etc )
That’s the end of the video, talks to you guys later
click the heels: This is a reference to the movie Wizard of Oz.
At the end of the film, Glinda reveals one of the slippers’ abilities: Dorothy can return home to Kansas by simply clicking her heels three times and repeating, “There’s no place like home.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_slippers
I think this means “No problem!” but I’m not certain. It could be ironic meaning “It’s not that easy.”
Let’s see what others say.
Note “click your heels” is different from “kick your heels”. ↩︎to correct/reclafication: in China here, 1) vim fileName.txt --> 2) only type/hit key i (not bothered esc + i, different Linux OS probably) -->3) esc+shift+colon + wq! or q! ↩︎
linux shred文件后如何恢复
在Linux中使用shred命令来覆写或删除文件内容。由于shred会将数据完全清空并重新编程为随机字节，因此无法直接从已经被shred的文件中进行恢复。然而，可以通过其他工具来尝试恢复部分被shred的文件。下面列举了两种常用的方法： ↩︎在linux中，执行文件是指的是该文件可以被运行，文件有“x”权限；执行文件可以是一个代码文件（脚本文件），也可以是一个二进制文件。一个文件运行有两种方式：1、用解释器直接去运行文件；2、利用“./”运行文件，语法“./ 文件名”。 ↩︎
在linux中，x是指“执行”权限。x权限对文件和目录的作用不一样：1、对于文件来说，表示该文件可运行，特指shell脚本文件，对于普通文件没有影响；2、对于目录来说，代表用户可以进入指定目录，赋予x权限的用户可以使用cd命令来切换目录。 ↩︎
The CTL (Common Type Library) namespace is a collection of interfaces, data types, and constants that are used by various Microsoft technologies, including Windows, Internet Explorer, and Office. The CTL namespace is defined in the ctluuid.h header file. ↩︎
binary calculate ↩︎